WHO REALLY INVENTED
THE VIDEO GAME?

There was Bell, there was Edison, there was Fermi.
And then there was Higinbotham.

By John Anderson

The Space Age had just been birthed. Sputnik was a new and somewhat ominous presence in the evening sky--my father tells me he carried me to the roof of our apartment building to see it. I don't remember. The year was 1958, and I was two years old.

Dave Ahl, my boss, was a high school student. He had won a scholarship, one benefit of which was a tour of Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, NY. Something he saw on an oscilloscope there remained fixed in his mind for many years, and caused, among other things, a recent pilgrimage of my own.

A few miles up the road, Shoreham Nuclear Power Station.

This must be the place.

Dave Potter (left) and Willy worked on the original design.

Willy describes the innards of his electronic tennis game. His rendering of the screen appears at right.

Nearly 25 years after the fact, I found myself on the Long Island Expressway. I was trying to pass an eighteen-wheeler spewing gravel off its trailer, while I looked for the Brookhaven exit. It occurred to me that the Lab was hardly a stone's throw from Shoreham Nuclear Power Station, that controversial patch of multi-billion-dollar poured concrete. I wondered if the proximity was mere coincidence.

Brookhaven is a government installation, and I get nervous at checkpoints. The guard at the gate had a familiar kind of hypertensive bearing. I wished then I had shaved that morning. I proffered my press card with clammy claw. He told me to pull my car off to the side; I knew the jig was up. I was a spy, an agent, a saboteur, and it was all over.

He handed me a piece of paper and said those chilling words: "Have a nice day." Upon inspection, the paper seemed to be a visitor's map. My adrenalin level began to subside.

It's really very simple to get to the Department of Nuclear Energy. You make a right near the linear accelerator, and pull into the lot next to the alternating gradient synchotron. If you see the tandem Van de Graff, you've gone too far.

From there, only one flight of stairs separates you from one of the great, unsung heroes of our time, Willy Higinbotham.

There was Bell, there was Edison, there was Fermi. And then there was Higinbotham.

Willy was responsible for the display Dave saw on that fateful day in 1958. Willy, you see, invented the video game.

We've received several manuscripts which attempt to set the record straight on the history of the video game. If you claim and can document a video game predating 1958, let us know.

Otherwise, give Willy Higinbotham his profound and historic due. Much to the chagrin of large corporations involved in current litigation, he did it first, and he has proved it.

Though he stands about five feet four inches tall, Mr. Higinbotham commands quite a stature. He very nearly chainsmokes unfiltered cigarettes, which he wolfs down with great voracity for a man of 72 years. His eyeglasses magnify to the point where his corneas seem as large as quarters. He laughs easily and likes to play the accordion, though he admits it's been a while since he's played at a party.

And, as a physicist in the Manhattan Project, he witnessed the detonation of the first atomic bomb.

Before we sat down to speak in earnest, Willy called an old friend, Dave Potter, and asked him to join us. Dave had worked with Willy on the original game designs. We adjourned to a conference room. As Willy got started, other scientists would wander into the room, find a perch, and listen along. "Isn't he something?" one of the scientists whispered. He sure is.

Back in the 1950's, when tours of the Laboratory were first instituted, they were rather static affairs, usually consisting of a group of photographs to depict some facet of research at the facility. Willy, who discovered his penchant for physics at Cornell and electronics at MIT, explained that he wanted to make his display more dynamic. Give it a little punch. Wouldn't it fill the bill, he thought, if we got some sort of little game going on a CRT, so visitors could have some "hands-on" interaction with the hardware? He and his associates fashioned a tennis game played on the five-inch screen of an oscilloscope.

Digital computers were coming into their own in 1958; in fact, Willy's own Instrumentation Division was building one at the time. However his game contraption made use of an analog computer, one that used variable voltages rather than on-off pulses to represent information. To this was hardwired a nonprogrammable assemblage of electro-mechanical relays, potentiometers, resistors, capacitors, and "op-amps," short for operational amplifiers.

Willy himself is the first to admit that the arrangement was rather inelegant. But he also points out that it worked. He did make use of some recently invented transistors as flip-flop switches--a harbinger of things to come. Willy simply did the job in the shortest time with whatever parts were handy. The result was a video game, something no computer, digital or analog, had been harnessed to do before.

The screen display was a side view of a tennis court. It looked like an upside-down " T, " with a shortened stem. This was the "net. " Each player held a prototypical paddle, a small box with a knob and button on it. The knob controlled the angle of the player's return, and the button chose the moment of the hit. A player could hit the ball at any time, providing it was on his side of the net. Gravity, windspeed, and bounce were all portrayed. For example, if you hit a ball into the net, it would bounce lower than a bounce off the "ground," and would eventually die.

The game was simple, but fun to play, and its charm was infectious. Potter remembers the popularity of the game: "The high schoolers liked it best. You couldn't pull them away from it." He's probably remembering young Dave Ahl, staring at the screen with a little voice inside him saying "this could be something important."

The ball and court lines were drawn and redrawn sequentially, at a rate that made for a flicker-free view of ground, net, and ball. This is an approach still used in game playfield display. However the method of ball manipulation was and remains unique.

Without becoming too bogged down in explanation, consider the following. An oscilloscope is capable of generating cartesian coordinate displays. That is to say, a dynamic "graph" can be drawn, plotting the deflection of x or y proportionally to the voltages input as x or y.

The oscilloscope on which the game appeared.

Note the date of the blueprint: Oct. 1958. This date has been verified.

Willy describes the sight at Alamogordo in 1945.

Higinbotham rigged up a circuit wherein the plot of these functions simulated the trajectory of a bouncing ball. Op-amps from a Donner Labs analog computer were used to generate this trajectory and to sense when the ball had struck the ground. When this occurred, a relay would be thrown, reversing the polarity of another op-amp, so that the ball would reflect its path and "take a bounce." Primitive, but effective.

Other op-amps and relays were used to determine whether or not the ball had hit the net. As mentioned earlier, rebound velocity from the net was lower than from the ground, providing an extra bit of realism.

Velocity, slowed continually by wind-speed, was simulated straightforwardly with a 10 meg. resistor.

A toggle switch allowed players to choose which side to serve from, and net height, as well as court length, were adjustable. There was no way a player could "miss" the ball, as a push of the paddle button would always result in a hit when the ball was on that player's side of the net. Unless the player chose the correct angle and timing for a return, however, the shot would not make it back to the opponent's side.

The implementation was very much more sophisticated than the first "Pong" games. It was the hit of the Brookhaven "visitors' days" for two years running. Eventually, however, it was dismantled.

I asked Willy why he hadn't patented the thing at the time. He is responsible for over 20 patents, each of which reverted to the U.S. Government.

"We knew it was fun, and saw some potential in it at the time, but it wasn't something the government was interested in. It's a good thing, too. Today all video game designers would have to license their games from the federal government!" The idea somehow pleased Willy, and his laughter signalled it.

To Magnavox, however, the rights to video games are no laughing matter; they could mean millions. The corporation seeks a patent on video games using bouncing balls, and has taken sworn depositions from Higinbotham concerning his own invention. Though Willy stands to make no monetary gain whatsoever, he has a personal stake in the contest.

One must take a broader view of Willy's career to see the game from the perspective that he himself does.

Higinbotham was a graduate student in Physics at Cornell University at the outbreak of World War II. He was invited to join research at the MIT Radiation Laboratory, where he worked on an advanced and important technique known as radio detecting and ranging, later shortened to RADAR.

From there he joined the Manhattan District Project, working as a physicist on another exotic and potentially important technology. He became head of the Electronics Division there in 1945. Higinbotham devised the timing circuits that took the first atomic bomb through the last few milliseconds preceding detonation.

He worked with and knew J. Robert Oppenheimer quite well. "He was a charismatic man," says Willy. "People tended either to worship or detest him. I did neither. He was brilliant, though. There's no doubt of that."

At the time of the blast at Los Alamos, Willy was 24 miles from ground zero, able to watch the entire detonation through welder's glass so thick, he couldn't see an illuminated headlight through it.

I asked him what it had been like. He grew quiet. He said that he and the other observers got into the trucks and made the long trip back to the compound in utter silence. No one had anything to say.

Willy spent the next two years as executive secretary of the Federation of American Scientists, in Washington, D. C. He acted as a liaison between Congress and scientists, lobbying for the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons.

"It's taken over thirty years," Willy observes," but the message is finally beginning to get through." His face brightens. Today, as a senior scientist at Brookhaven Laboratory, he and his colleagues have amassed the largest and most comprehensive library in the world concerning nuclear safeguards.

I was warming up the car for the long trip home, staring across a field at the building housing the cyclotron. He's not only something, I thought to myself. He's a walking bit of history. He also invented the video game!