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The 1913 Webster Unabridged Dictionary:
          Letters X, Y, Z and The "New Words" supplement
February, 1999  [Etext #670]


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Note added April 2004:

The original files posted for the "PGW" files omitted the key
to the tags and entities used. These files are not standard HTML
or XML; they use conventions that had to be made up to fit all
of the special cases found in the dictionary.

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and tagset.web, may be used to understand the markup. The
original text has been edited slightly for line-length and
paragraph clarity.

Other files from the original production of this text, that
may be of help to those who wish to dig deeper, may be found
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Begin file 11 of 11:  X, Y, Z and "New Words". (Version 0.50) of
          An electronic field-marked version of:

         Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
                 Version published 1913
               by the  C. & G. Merriam Co.
                   Springfield, Mass.
                 Under the direction of
                Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D.

   This electronic version was prepared by MICRA, Inc. of Plainfield, NJ.
   Last edit February 11, 1999.

   MICRA, Inc. makes no proprietary claims on this version of the
1913 Webster dictionary.  If the original printed edition of the
1913 Webster is in the public domain, this version may also be
considered as public domain.

    This version is only a first typing, and has numerous typographic errors, including errors in the field-marks.  Assistance in bringing this dictionary to a more accurate and useful state will be greatly appreciated.
    This electronic dictionary is made available as a potential starting point for development of a modern on-line comprehensive encyclopedic dictionary, by the efforts of all individuals willing to help build a large and freely available knowledge base.  Anyone willing to assist in any way in constructing such a knowledge base should contact:

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X.

X (ks). X, the twenty-fourth letter of the English alphabet, has three sounds; a compound nonvocal sound (that of ks), as in wax; a compound vocal sound (that of gz), as in example; and, at the beginning of a word, a simple vocal sound (that of z), as in xanthic. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 217, 270, 271.

The form and value of X are from the Latin X, which is from the Greek , which in some Greek alphabets had the value of ks, though in the one now in common use it represents an aspirated sound of k.

Xanth*am"ide (?), n. [Xanthic + amide.] (Chem.) An amido derivative of xanthic acid obtained as a white crystalline substance, C₂H₅O.CS.NH₂; -- called also xanthogen amide.

Xan"thate (?), n. [See Xanthic.] (Chem.) A salt of xanthic; a xanthogenate.

||Xan`the*las"ma (?), n. [NL.; Gr. xanqo`s yellow + 'e`lasma a metal plate.] (Med.) See Xanthoma.

Xan"thi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Xanthus, an ancient town on Asia Minor; -- applied especially to certain marbles found near that place, and now in the British Museum.

Xan"thic (?), a. [Gr. xanqo`s yellow: cf. F. xanthique.]

1. Tending toward a yellow color, or to one of those colors, green being excepted, in which yellow is a constituent, as scarlet, orange, etc.

2. (Chem.) (a) Possessing, imparting, or producing a yellow color; as, xanthic acid. (b) Of or pertaining to xanthic acid, or its compounds; xanthogenic. (c) Of or pertaining to xanthin.

Xanthic acid (Chem.), a heavy, astringent, colorless oil, C₂H₅O.CS.SH, having a pungent odor. It is produced by leading carbon disulphide into a hot alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide. So called from the yellow color of many of its salts. Called also xanthogenic acid. -- Xanthic colors (Bot.), those colors (of flowers) having some tinge of yellow; -- opposed to cyanic colors. See under Cyanic.

Xan"thide (?), n. [See Xantho-.] (Chem.) A compound or derivative of xanthogen. [Archaic]

||Xan*thid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Xanthidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. xanqo`s yellow.] (Bot.) A genus of minute unicellular algæ of the desmids. These algæ have a rounded shape and are armed with glochidiate or branched aculei. Several species occur in ditches, and others are found fossil in flint or hornstone.

Xan"thin (?), n. [Gr. xanqo`s yellow.]

1. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline nitrogenous body closely related to both uric acid and hypoxanthin, present in muscle tissue, and occasionally found in the urine and in some urinary calculi. It is also present in guano. So called from the yellow color of certain of its salts (nitrates).

2. (Chem.) A yellow insoluble coloring matter extracted from yellow flowers; specifically, the coloring matter of madder. [Formerly written also xanthein.]

3. (Chem.) One of the gaseous or volatile decomposition products of the xanthates, and probably identical with carbon disulphide. [Obs.]

Xan"thi*nine (?), n. [Gr. xanqo`s yellow + quinine.] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous substance related to urea and uric acid, produced as a white powder; -- so called because it forms yellow salts, and because its solution forms a blue fluorescence like quinine.

||Xan"thi*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xa`nqion a plant used for dyeing the hair yellow, said to be the Xanthium strumarium, from xanqo`s yellow.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants in which the scales of the involucre are united so as to form a kind of bur; cocklebur; clotbur.

Xan"tho- (?). A combining form from Gr. xanqo`s yellow; as in xanthocobaltic salts. Used also adjectively in chemistry.

Xan`tho*car"pous (?), a. [Xantho- + Gr. karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) Having yellow fruit.

||Xan*thoch"ro*i (?), n. pl. [NL. See Xanthochroic.] (Ethnol.) A division of the Caucasian races, comprising the lighter-colored members.

The Xanthochroi, or fair whites, . . . are the prevalent inhabitants of Northern Europe, and the type may be traced into North Africa, and eastward as far as Hindostan.

Tylor.

Xan`tho*chro"ic (?), a. [Xantho- + Gr. chro`a color.] (Ethnol.) Having a yellowish or fair complexion; of or pertaining to the Xanthochroi.

Xan`tho*don"tous (?), a. [Xantho- + Gr. 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, tooth.] Having yellow teeth.

Xan"tho*gen (?), n. [Xantho- + -gen.] (Chem.) (a) The hypothetical radical supposed to be characteristic of xanthic acid. [Archaic] (b) Persulphocyanogen. [R.]

Xan"tho*gen*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of xanthic acid.

Xan`tho*gen"ic (?), a. [See Xantho- , and -gen.] (Chem.) Producing a yellow color or compound; xanthic. See Xanthic acid, under Xanthic.

||Xan*tho"ma (?), n. [NL. See Xantho-, and -oma.] (Med.) A skin disease marked by the development or irregular yellowish patches upon the skin, especially upon the eyelids; -- called also xanthelasma.

Xan"tho*phane (?), n. [Xantho- + Gr. fai`nein to show.] (Physiol.) The yellow pigment present in the inner segments of the retina in animals. See Chromophane.

Xan"tho*phyll (?), n. [Xantho- + Gr. fy`llon leaf.] (Bot.) A yellow coloring matter found in yellow autumn leaves, and also produced artificially from chlorophyll; -- formerly called also phylloxanthin.

Xan"tho*pous (?), a. [Xantho- + Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot.] (Bot.) Having a yellow stipe, or stem.

Xan`tho*pro*te"ic (?), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, xanthoprotein; showing the characters of xanthoprotein; as, xanthoproteic acid; the xanthoproteic reaction for albumin.

Xan`tho*pro"te*in (?), n. [Xantho- + protein.] (Physiol. Chem.) A yellow acid substance formed by the action of hot nitric acid on albuminous or proteid matter. It is changed to a deep orange-yellow color by the addition of ammonia.

Xan`tho*puc"cine (?), n. [Xantho- + puccoon + -ine.] (Chem.) One of three alkaloids found in the root of the yellow puccoon (Hydrastis Canadensis). It is a yellow crystalline substance, and resembles berberine.

Xan`tho*rham"nin (?), n. [Xantho- + NL. Rhamnus, the generic name of the plant bearing Persian berries.] (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from Persian berries as a yellow crystalline powder, used as a dyestuff.

Xan`tho*rhi"za (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xanqo`s yellow + "ri`za root.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubby ranunculaceous plants of North America, including only the species Xanthorhiza apiifolia, which has roots of a deep yellow color; yellowroot. The bark is intensely bitter, and is sometimes used as a tonic.

<! p. 1671 !>

||Xan`tho*rhœ"a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. xanqo`s yellow + "rei^n to flow.] (Bot.) A genus of endogenous plants, native to Australia, having a thick, sometimes arborescent, stem, and long grasslike leaves. See Grass tree.

Xan"those (?), n. (Chem.) An orange-yellow substance found in pigment spots of certain crabs.

||Xan*tho"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xanqo`s yellow.] (Med.) The yellow discoloration often observed in cancerous tumors.

Xan`tho*sper"mous (?), a. [Xantho- + Gr. spe`rma sperm.] (Bot.) Having yellow seeds.

Xan"thous (?), a. [Gr. xanqo`s yellow.] Yellow; specifically (Ethnol.), of or pertaining to those races of man which have yellowish, red, auburn, or brown hair.

Xan*thox"y*lene (?), n. [See Xanthoxylum.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon of the terpene series extracted from the seeds of a Japanese prickly ash (Xanthoxylum pipertium) as an aromatic oil.

||Xan*thox"y*lum (?), n. [NL., from Gr. xanqo`s yellow + xy`lon wood.] (Bot.) A genus of prickly shrubs or small trees, the bark and rots of which are of a deep yellow color; prickly ash.

The commonest species in the Northern United States is Xanthoxylum Americanum. See Prickly ash, under Prickly.

Xe"bec (z"bk), n. [Sp. jabegue, formerly spelt xabeque, or Pg. xabeco; both from Turk. sumbeki a kind of Asiatic ship; cf. Per. sumbuk, Ar. sumbk a small ship.] (Naut.) A small three-masted vessel, with projecting bow stern and convex decks, used in the Mediterranean for transporting merchandise, etc. It carries large square sails, or both. Xebecs were formerly armed and used by corsairs.

Xeme (zm), n. (Zoöl.) An Arctic fork-tailed gull (Xema Sabinii).

||Xen`e*la"si*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. xenhlasi`a expulsion of strangers.] (Gr. Antiq.) A Spartan institution which prohibited strangers from residing in Sparta without permission, its object probably being to preserve the national simplicity of manners.

||Xe"ni*um (?), n.; pl. Xenia (#). [L., from Gr. xe`nion gift to a guest, fr. xe`nos guest.] (Class. Antiq.) A present given to a guest or stranger, or to a foreign ambassador.

||Xen`o*do*chi"um (?), n. [LL., fr. L. xenodochium a building for the reception of strangers, Gr. &?; .] (a) (Class. Antiq.) A house for the reception of strangers. (b) In the Middle Ages, a room in a monastery for the reception and entertainment of strangers and pilgrims, and for the relief of paupers. [Called also Xenodocheion.]

Xe*nod"o*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] Reception of strangers; hospitality. [R.]

Xe*nog"a*my (?), n. [Gr. xe`nos strange, foreign + &?; marriage.] (Bot.) Cross fertilization.

Xen`o*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Gr. xe`nos a stranger + E. genesis.] (Biol.) (a) Same as Heterogenesis. (b) The fancied production of an organism of one kind by an organism of another. Huxley.

Xen`o*ge*net"ic (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to xenogenesis; as, the xenogenetic origin of microzymes. Huxley.

Xen`o*ma"ni*a (?), n. [Gr. xe`nos strange + E. mania.] A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, foreign customs, institutions, manners, fashions, etc. [R.] Saintsbury.

||Xen"o*mi (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. xe`nos strange.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of soft-rayed fresh-water fishes of which the blackfish of Alaska (Dallia pectoralis) is the type.

||Xe*nop`te*ryg"i*i (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. xe`nos strange + &?;, dim. of &?; a wing.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of fishes including Gobiesox and allied genera. These fishes have soft-rayed fins, and a ventral sucker supported in front by the pectoral fins. They are destitute of scales.

Xen"o*time (?), n. [Gr. &?; honoring guests or strangers; xe`nos guest, stranger + &?; honor: cf. G. xenotim.] (Min.) A native phosphate of yttrium occurring in yellowish-brown tetragonal crystals.

Xe*nu"rine (?), n. [Gr. xe`nos strange + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) A cabassou.

Xen"yl (?), n. [Gr. xe`nos strange + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical characteristic of xenylic compounds.

Xe*nyl"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, designating, certain amido compounds obtained by reducing certain nitro derivatives of diphenyl.

Xer"a*phim (?), n. [Pg. xarafin, xerafin, fr. Ar. ashraf noble, the name of a gold coin.] An old money of account in Bombay, equal to three fifths of a rupee.

Xer"es (?), n. Sherry. See Sherry.

Xer"if (?), n. A shereef.

Xer"iff (?), n. [See Shereef.] A gold coin formerly current in Egypt and Turkey, of the value of about 9s. 6d., or about $2.30; -- also, in Morocco, a ducat.

||Xe`ro*der"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; dry + &?; skin.] (Med.) (a) Ichthyosis. (b) A skin disease characterized by the presence of numerous small pigmented spots resembling freckles, with which are subsequently mingled spots of atrophied skin.

Xe"ro*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of xeronic acid.

Xe*ron"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; dry + citraconic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C₈H₁₂O₄, related to fumaric acid, and obtained from citraconic acid as an oily substance having a bittersweet taste; -- so called from its tendency to form its anhydride.

Xe*roph"a*gy (?), n. [L. xerophagia, Gr. &?;; &?; dry + &?; to eat.] Among the primitive Christians, the living on a diet of dry food in Lent and on other fasts.

Xe*roph"i*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?; dry + &?; to love.] (Bot.) Drought-loving; able withstand the absence or lack of moisture.

Plants which are peculiarly adapted to dry climates are termed by De Candolle xerophilous.

Goodale.

||Xe`roph*thal"mi*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; dry + &?; the eye. See Ophthalmia.] (Med.) An abnormal dryness of the eyeball produced usually by long- continued inflammation and subsequent atrophy of the conjunctiva.

Xe`roph*thal"my (?), n. (Med.) Xerophthalmia.

||Xiph"i*as (?), n. [L., a swordfish, a sword-shaped comet, fr. Gr. xifi`as, fr. xi`fos a sword.]

1. (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes comprising the common swordfish.

2. (Anat.) (a) The constellation Dorado. (b) A comet shaped like a sword

||Xi*phid"i*um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, dim. of xi`fos sword.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the order Hæmodraceæ, having two-ranked, sword-shaped leaves.

Xiph"i*oid (?), a. [Xiphius + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cetacean of the genus Xiphius or family Xiphiidæ.

||Xiph"i*plas"tron (?), n.; pl. Xiphiplastra (#). [NL., fr. Gr. xi`fos a sword + plastron.] (Anat.) The posterior, or fourth, lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; -- called also xiphisternum.

||Xiph"i*ster"num (?), n.; pl. Xiphisterna (#). [NL., fr. Gr. xi`fos a sword + sternum.] (Anat.) (a) The posterior segment, or extremity, of the sternum; -- sometimes called metasternum, ensiform cartilage, ensiform process, or xiphoid process. (b) The xiphiplastron. -- Xiph"i*ster"nal (#) a.

||Xiph"i*us (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xi`fos a sword.] (Zoöl.) A genus of cetaceans having a long, pointed, bony beak, usually two tusklike teeth in the lower jaw, but no teeth in the upper jaw.

Xiph"o*don (?), n. [Gr. xi`fos a sword + 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, a tooth.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of artiodactylous mammals found in the European Tertiary formations. It had slender legs, didactylous feet, and small canine teeth.

Xiph"oid (?; 277), a. [Gr. &?; sword- shaped; xi`fos a sword + &?; form, shape: cf. F. xiphoide.] (Anat.) (a) Like a sword; ensiform. (b) Of or pertaining to the xiphoid process; xiphoidian.

Xiph*oid"i*an (?), a. (Anat.) Xiphoid.

Xi*phoph"yl*lous (?), a. [Gr. xi`fos sword + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Having sword- shaped leaves.

||Xiph`o*su"ra (?), n. pl. See Xiphura.

||Xi*phu"ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. xi`fos sword + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) Same as Limuloidea. Called also Xiphosura.

X ray. See under Ray.

Xy*lam"ide (?), n. [Xylic + amide.] (Chem.) An acid amide derivative of xylic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Xy*lan"thrax (?), n. [Gr. xy`lon wood + &?; coal.] Wood coal, or charcoal; -- so called in distinction from mineral coal.

Xy"late (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of xylic acid.

Xy"lem (?), n. [Gr. xy`lon wood.] (Bot.) That portion of a fibrovascular bundle which has developed, or will develop, into wood cells; -- distinguished from phloëm.

Xy"lene (?), n. [Gr. xy`lon wood.] (Chem.) Any of a group of three metameric hydrocarbons of the aromatic series, found in coal and wood tar, and so named because found in crude wood spirit. They are colorless, oily, inflammable liquids, C₆H₄.(CH₃)₂, being dimethyl benzenes, and are called respectively orthoxylene, metaxylene, and paraxylene. Called also xylol.

Each of these xylenes is the nucleus and prototype of a distinct series of compounds.

Xy"le*nol (?), n. [Xylene + - ol.] (Chem.) Any one of six metameric phenol derivatives of xylene, obtained as crystalline substances, (CH₃)₂.C₆H₃.OH.

Xy*let"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex acid related to mesitylenic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance by the action of sodium and carbon dioxide on crude xylenol.

Xy"lic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or related to, xylene; specifically, designating any one of several metameric acids produced by the partial oxidation of mesitylene and pseudo-cumene.

Xy*lid"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, either one of two distinct acids which are derived from xylic acid and related compounds, and are metameric with uvitic acid.

Xy"li*dine (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of six metameric hydrocarbons, (CH₃)₂.C₆H₃.NH₂ , resembling aniline, and related to xylene. They are liquids, or easily fusible crystalline substances, of which three are derived from metaxylene, two from orthoxylene, and one from paraxylene. They are called the amido xylenes.

The xylidine of commerce, used in making certain dyes, consists chiefly of the derivatives of paraxylene and metaxylene.

Xy*lin"de*in (?), n. (Chem.) A green or blue pigment produced by Peziza in certain kinds of decayed wood, as the beech, oak, birch, etc., and extracted as an amorphous powder resembling indigo.

Xy"lite (?), n. [Gr. xy`lon wood.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon found in crude wood spirits.

Xy"li*tone (?), n. (Chem.) A yellow oil having a geraniumlike odor, produced as a side product in making phorone; -- called also xylite oil.

Xy"lo- (?). A combining form from Gr. xy`lon wood; as in xylogen, xylograph.

||Xy`lo*bal"sa*mum (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xy`lon wood + &?; the balsam tree, balsam; cf. L. xylobalsamum balsam wood, Gr. &?;.] (Med.) The dried twigs of a Syrian tree (Balsamodendron Gileadense). U. S. Disp.

Xy`lo*car"pous (?), a. [Xylo- + Gr. karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) Bearing fruit which becomes hard or woody.

||Xy*loc"o*pa (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cutting wood; xy`lon wood + &?; to cut.] (Zoöl.) A genus of hymenopterous insects including the carpenter. See Carpenter bee, under Carpenter. -- Xy*loc"o*pine (#), a.

Xy"lo*gen (?), n. [Xylo- + - gen.] (a) (Bot.) Nascent wood; wood cells in a forming state. (b) Lignin.

Xy"lo*graph (?), n. [Xylo- + - graph.] An engraving on wood, or the impression from such an engraving; a print by xylography.

Xy*log"ra*pher (?), n. One who practices xylography.

{ Xy`lo*graph"ic (?), Xy`lo*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. xylographique.] Of or pertaining to xylography, or wood engraving.

Xy*log"ra*phy (?), n. [Xylo- + -graphy: cf. F. xylographie.]

1. The art of engraving on wood.

2. The art of making prints from the natural grain of wood. Knight.

3. A method pf printing in colors upon wood for purposes of house decoration. Ure.

Xy"loid (?), a. [Xylo- + - oid.] Resembling wood; having the nature of wood.

Xy*loid"in (?), n. [Xylo- + - oid.] (Chem.) A substance resembling pyroxylin, obtained by the action of nitric acid on starch; -- called also nitramidin.

Xy"lol (?), n. [Xylo- + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Same as Xylene.

Xy"lon*ite (?), n. See Zylonite.

||Xy*loph"a*ga (?), n. [NL. See Xylophagous.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine bivalves which bore holes in wood. They are allied to Pholas.

Xy*loph"a*gan (?), n. [See Xylophagous.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of a tribe of beetles whose larvæ bore or live in wood. (b) Any species of Xylophaga. (c) Any one of the Xylophagides.

||Xy`lo*phag"i*des (?), n. pl. [See Xylophagous.] (Zoöl.) A tribe or family of dipterous flies whose larvæ live in decayed wood. Some of the tropical species are very large.

Xy*loph"a*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?; eating wood; xy`lon wood + &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.) (a) Eating, boring in, or destroying, wood; -- said especially of certain insect larvæ, crustaceans, and mollusks. (b) Of or pertaining to the genus Xylophaga.

Xy*loph"i*lan (?), n. [See Xylophilous.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles (Xylophili) whose larvæ live on decayed wood.

Xy*loph"i*lous (?), a. [Xylo- + Gr. filei^n to love.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the xylophilans.

Xy"lo*phone (?), n. [Xylo- + Gr. fwnh` sound.]

1. (Mus.) An instrument common among the Russians, Poles, and Tartars, consisting of a series of strips of wood or glass graduated in length to the musical scale, resting on belts of straw, and struck with two small hammers. Called in Germany strohfiedel, or straw fiddle.

2. An instrument to determine the vibrative properties of different kinds of wood. Knight.

Xy`lo*plas"tic (?), a. [Xylo- + -plastic.] (Technol.) Formed of wood pulp by molds; relating to casts made of wood pulp in molds.

Xy`lo*py*rog"ra*phy (?). n. [Xylo- + Gr. &?;, &?;, fire + -graphy.] The art or practice of burning pictures on wood with a hot iron; -- called also poker painting. See Poker picture, under Poker.

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Xy`lo*qui"none (?), n. [Xylene + quinone.] (Chem.) Any one of a group of quinone compounds obtained respectively by the oxidation of certain xylidine compounds. In general they are yellow crystalline substances.

Xy*lor"cin (?), n. [Xylene + orcin.] (Chem.) A derivative of xylene obtained as a white crystalline substance which on exposure in the air becomes red; -- called also betaorcin.

Xy*los"te*in (?), n. [Xylo- + Gr. &?; bone.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the poisonous berries of a species of honeysuckle (Lonicera xylosteum), and extracted as a bitter, white, crystalline substance.

Xy"lo*tile (?), n. Same as Parkesine.

||Xy*lo"try*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xy`lon wood + &?; to rub, wear out.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine bivalves closely allied to Teredo, and equally destructive to timber. One species (Xylotrya fimbriata) is very common on the Atlantic coast of the United States.

Xy"lyl (?), n. [Xylo- + - yl.] (Chem.) Any one of three metameric radicals which are characteristic respectively of the three xylenes.

Xy"lyl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of three metameric radicals, CH₂.C₆H₄.CH₂, derived respectively from the three xylenes. Often used adjectively; as, xylylene alcohol.

Xyr`i*da"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Xyrideæ) of endogenous plants, of which Xyris is the type.

||Xy"ris (?), n. [L., a kind of Iris, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a razor.] (Bot.) A genus of endogenous herbs with grassy leaves and small yellow flowers in short, scaly- bracted spikes; yellow-eyed grass. There are about seventeen species in the Atlantic United States.

{ Xyst (?), ||Xys"tus (?), } n. [L. xystus, Gr. &?;, from &?; to scrape, polish; -- so called from its smooth and polished floor.] (Anc. Arch.) A long and open portico, for athletic exercises, as wrestling, running, etc., for use in winter or in stormy weather.

Xyst"arch (?), n. [L. xystarches, Gr. &?;, &?; a xyst + &?; to rule.] (Gr. Antiq.) An office&?; having the superintendence of the xyst. Dr. W. Smith.

Xys"ter (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xysth`r a scraper.] (Surg.) An instrument for scraping bones.

Y.

Y (w). Y, the twenty-fifth letter of the English alphabet, at the beginning of a word or syllable, except when a prefix (see Y-), is usually a fricative vocal consonant; as a prefix, and usually in the middle or at the end of a syllable, it is a vowel. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 145, 178-9, 272.

It derives its form from the Latin Y, which is from the Greek , originally the same letter as V. Etymologically, it is most nearly related to u, i, o, and j. g; as in full, fill, AS. fyllan; E. crypt, grotto; young, juvenile; day, AS. dæg. See U, I, and J, G.

Y has been called the Pythagorean letter, because the Greek letter was taken represent the sacred triad, formed by the duad proceeding from the monad; and also because it represents the dividing of the paths of vice and virtue in the development of human life.

Y (w), n.; pl. Y's (wz) or Ys. Something shaped like the letter Y; a forked piece resembling in form the letter Y. Specifically: (a) One of the forked holders for supporting the telescope of a leveling instrument, or the axis of a theodolite; a wye. (b) A forked or bifurcated pipe fitting. (c) (Railroads) A portion of track consisting of two diverging tracks connected by a cross track.

Y level (Surv.), an instrument for measuring differences of level by means of a telescope resting in Y's. -- Y moth (Zoöl.), a handsome European noctuid moth Plusia gamma) which has a bright, silvery mark, shaped like the letter Y, on each of the fore wings. Its larva, which is green with five dorsal white species, feeds on the cabbage, turnip, bean, etc. Called also gamma moth, and silver Y.

Y (), pron. I. [Obs.] King Horn. Wyclif.

{ Y- (?), or I- }. [OE. y-, i-, AS. ge-, akin to D. & G. ge-, OHG. gi-, ga- , Goth. ga-, and perhaps to Latin con-; originally meaning, together. Cf. Com-, Aware, Enough, Handiwork, Ywis.] A prefix of obscure meaning, originally used with verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns, and pronouns. In the Middle English period, it was little employed except with verbs, being chiefly used with past participles, though occasionally with the infinitive Ycleped, or yclept, is perhaps the only word not entirely obsolete which shows this use.

That no wight mighte it see neither yheere.

Chaucer.

Neither to ben yburied nor ybrent.

Chaucer.

Some examples of Chaucer's use of this prefix are; ibe, ibeen, icaught, ycome, ydo, idoon, ygo, iproved, ywrought. It inough, enough, it is combined with an adjective. Other examples are in the Vocabulary.

Spenser and later writers frequently employed this prefix when affecting an archaic style, and sometimes used it incorrectly.

Ya (yä), adv. Yea. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yac"a*re` (yk"*r`), n. [See Jacare.] (Zoöl.) A South American crocodilian (Jacare sclerops) resembling the alligator in size and habits. The eye orbits are connected together, and surrounded by prominent bony ridges. Called also spectacled alligator, and spectacled cayman. [Written also jacare.]

The name is also applied to allied species.

Yac"ca (yk"k), n. (Bot.) A West Indian name for two large timber trees (Podocarpus coriaceus, and P. Purdicanus) of the Yew family. The wood, which is much used, is pale brownish with darker streaks.

Yacht (yt), n. [D. jagt, jacht; perhaps properly, a chase, hunting, from. jagen to chase, hunt, akin to G. jagen, OHG. jagn, of uncertain origin; or perhaps akin to OHG. ghi quick, sudden (cf. Gay).] (Naut.) A light and elegantly furnished vessel, used either for private parties of pleasure, or as a vessel of state to convey distinguished persons from one place to another; a seagoing vessel used only for pleasure trips, racing, etc.

Yacht measurement. See the Note under Tonnage, 4.

Yacht, v. i. To manage a yacht; to voyage in a yacht.

Yacht"er (-r), n. One engaged in sailing a jacht.

Yacht"ing, n. Sailing for pleasure in a yacht.

Yacht"man (?), n. See Yachtsman.

Yachts"man (?), n.; pl. Yachtsmen (&?;). One who owns or sails a yacht; a yachter.

Yaf (?), obs. imp. of Give. [AS. geaf, imp. of giefan to give. See Give] Gave. See Give. Chaucer.

Yaf"fin*gale (?), n. [See Yaffle, and cf. Nightingale.] (Zoöl.) The yaffle. [Prov. Eng.]

Yaf"fle (?), n. [Probably imitative of its call or cry.] (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker (Picus, or Genius, viridis). It is noted for its loud laughlike note. Called also eccle, hewhole, highhoe, laughing bird, popinjay, rain bird, yaffil, yaffler, yaffingale, yappingale, yackel, and woodhack.

Ya"ger (?; 277), n. [G. jäger a hunter, from jagen to chase, hunt.] (Mil.) In the German army, one belonging to a body of light infantry armed with rifles, resembling the chasseur of the French army. [Written also jager.]

Ya`gua*run"di (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Jaguarondi. [Written also yaguarondi, and yagouarondi.]

||Yaj"ur-Ve"da (yj"ûr-v`d or -v`d), n. [Skr. yajur- vda.] See Veda.

Yak (yk), n. [Thibetan gyag.] (Zoöl.) A bovine mammal (Poëphagus grunnies) native of the high plains of Central Asia. Its neck, the outer side of its legs, and its flanks, are covered with long, flowing, fine hair. Its tail is long and bushy, often white, and is valued as an ornament and for other purposes in India and China. There are several domesticated varieties, some of which lack the mane and the long hair on the flanks. Called also chauri gua, grunting cow, grunting ox, sarlac, sarlik, and sarluc.

Yak lace, a coarse pillow lace made from the silky hair of the yak.

Yak"a*milk (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Trumpeter, 3 (a).

Yak"a*re` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Yacare.

Ya"kin (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large Asiatic antelope (Budorcas taxicolor) native of the higher parts of the Himalayas and other lofty mountains. Its head and neck resemble those of the ox, and its tail is like that of the goat. Called also budorcas.

Ya*koots" (?), n. pl.; sing. Yakoot (&?;). (Ethnol.) A nomadic Mongolian tribe native of Northern Siberia, and supposed to be of Turkish stock. They are mainly pastoral in their habits. [Written also Yakuts.]

||Yak"sha (?), n. [Skr.] (Hindoo Myth.) A kind of demigod attendant on Kuvera, the god of wealth.

Ya"lah (?), n. The oil of the mahwa tree.

Yam (ym), n. [Pg. inhame, probably from some native name.] (Bot.) A large, esculent, farinaceous tuber of various climbing plants of the genus Dioscorea; also, the plants themselves. Mostly natives of warm climates. The plants have netted-veined, petioled leaves, and pods with three broad wings. The commonest species is D. sativa, but several others are cultivated.

Chinese yam, a plant (Dioscorea Batatas) with a long and slender tuber, hardier than most of the other species. -- Wild yam. (a) A common plant (Dioscorea villosa) of the Eastern United States, having a hard and knotty rootstock. (b) An orchidaceous plant (Gastrodia sesamoides) of Australia and Tasmania.

||Ya"ma (?), n. [Skr. yama a twin.] (Hindoo Myth.) The king of the infernal regions, corresponding to the Greek Pluto, and also the judge of departed souls. In later times he is more exclusively considered the dire judge of all, and the tormentor of the wicked. He is represented as of a green color, with red garments, having a crown on his head, his eyes inflamed, and sitting on a buffalo, with a club and noose in his hands.

Yam"ma (?), n. [See Llama.] (Zoöl.) The llama.

Yamp (?), n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Carum Gairdneri); also, its small fleshy roots, which are eaten by the Indians from Idaho to California.

Yang (?), n. [Of imitative origin.] The cry of the wild goose; a honk.

Yang, v. i. To make the cry of the wild goose.

Yank (?), n. [Cf. Scot. yank a sudden and severe blow.] A jerk or twitch. [Colloq. U. S.]

Yank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yanked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yanking.] To twitch; to jerk. [Colloq. U. S.]

Yank, n. An abbreviation of Yankee. [Slang]

Yan"kee (?), n. [Commonly considered to be a corrupt pronunciation of the word English, or of the French word Anglais, by the native Indians of America. According to Thierry, a corruption of Jankin, a diminutive of John, and a nickname given to the English colonists of Connecticut by the Dutch settlers of New York. Dr. W. Gordon ("Hist. of the Amer. War," ed, 1789, vol. i., pp. 324, 325) says it was a favorite cant word in Cambridge, Mass., as early as 1713, and that it meant excellent; as, a yankee good horse, yankee good cider, etc. Cf. Scot yankie a sharp, clever, and rather bold woman, and Prov. E. bow-yankees a kind of leggins worn by agricultural laborers.] A nickname for a native or citizen of New England, especially one descended from old New England stock; by extension, an inhabitant of the Northern States as distinguished from a Southerner; also, applied sometimes by foreigners to any inhabitant of the United States.

From meanness first this Portsmouth Yankey rose,
And still to meanness all his conduct flows.

Oppression, A poem by an American (Boston, 1765).

Yan"kee, a. Of or pertaining to a Yankee; characteristic of the Yankees.

The alertness of the Yankee aspect.

Hawthorne.

Yankee clover. (Bot.) See Japan clover, under Japan.

Yan`kee-Doo"dle (?), n. 1. The name of a tune adopted popularly as one of the national airs of the United States.

2. Humorously, a Yankee.

We might have withheld our political noodles
From knocking their heads against hot Yankee- Doodles.

Moore.

Yan"kee*ism (?), n. A Yankee idiom, word, custom, or the like. Lowell.

||Yaourt (?), n. [Turk. yoghurt.] A fermented drink, or milk beer, made by the Turks.

Yap (?), v. i. [Icel. gjlpa; akin to yelp. Cf. Yaup.] To bark; to yelp. L'Estrange.

Yap (?), n. A bark; a yelp.

Ya"pock (?; 277), n. [Probably from the river Oyapok, between French Guiana and Brazil.] (Zoöl.) A South American aquatic opossum (Chironectes variegatus) found in Guiana and Brazil. Its hind feet are webbed, and its fore feet do not have an opposable thumb for climbing. Called also water opossum. [Written also yapack.]

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Ya"pon (?; 277), n. (Bot.) Same as Yaupon.

Yar"age (?; 48), n. [See Yare, a.] (Naut.) The power of moving, or being managed, at sea; -- said with reference to a ship. Sir T. North.

Yard (?), n. [OE. yerd, AS. gierd, gyrd, a rod, stick, a measure, a yard; akin to OFries. ierde, OS. gerda, D. garde, G. gerte, OHG. gartia, gerta, gart, Icel. gaddr a goad, sting, Goth. gazds, and probably to L. hasta a spear. Cf. Gad, n., Gird, n., Gride, v. i., Hastate.]

1. A rod; a stick; a staff. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

If men smote it with a yerde.

Chaucer.

2. A branch; a twig. [Obs.]

The bitter frosts with the sleet and rain
Destroyed hath the green in every yerd.

Chaucer.

3. A long piece of timber, as a rafter, etc. [Obs.]

4. A measure of length, equaling three feet, or thirty-six inches, being the standard of English and American measure.

5. The penis.

6. (Naut.) A long piece of timber, nearly cylindrical, tapering toward the ends, and designed to support and extend a square sail. A yard is usually hung by the center to the mast. See Illust. of Ship.

Golden Yard, or Yard and Ell (Astron.), a popular name of the three stars in the belt of Orion. -- Under yard [i. e., under the rod], under contract. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yard, n. [OE. yard, yerd, AS. geard; akin to OFries. garda garden, OS. gardo garden, gard yard, D. gaard garden, G. garten, OHG. garto garden, gari inclosure, Icel. garðr yard, house, Sw. gård, Dan. gaard, Goth. gards a house, garda sheepfold, L. hortus garden, Gr. cho`rtos an inclosure. Cf. Court, Garden, Garth, Horticulture, Orchard.]

1. An inclosure; usually, a small inclosed place in front of, or around, a house or barn; as, a courtyard; a cowyard; a barnyard.

A yard . . . inclosed all about with sticks
In which she had a cock, hight chanticleer.

Chaucer.

2. An inclosure within which any work or business is carried on; as, a dockyard; a shipyard.

Liberty of the yard, a liberty, granted to persons imprisoned for debt, of walking in the yard, or within any other limits prescribed by law, on their giving bond not to go beyond those limits. -- Prison yard, an inclosure about a prison, or attached to it. -- Yard grass (Bot.), a low-growing grass (Eleusine Indica) having digitate spikes. It is common in dooryards, and like places, especially in the Southern United States. Called also crab grass. -- Yard of land. See Yardland.

Yard, v. t. To confine (cattle) to the yard; to shut up, or keep, in a yard; as, to yard cows.

Yard"arm` (?), n. (Naut.) Either half of a square-rigged vessel's yard, from the center or mast to the end.

Ships are said to be yardarm and yardarm when so near as to touch, or interlock yards.

Yard"ful (?), n.; pl. Yardfuls (&?;). As much as a yard will contain; enough to fill a yard.

Yard"land` (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) A measure of land of uncertain quantity, varying from fifteen to forty acres; a virgate. [Obs.]

Yard"stick` (?), n. A stick three feet, or a yard, in length, used as a measure of cloth, etc.

Yard"wand` (?), n. A yardstick. Tennyson.

Yare (?), a. [OE. yare, aru, AS. gearu; akin to OS. garu, OHG. garo, G. gar, Icel. gerr perfect, görva quite, G. gerben to tan, to curry, OHG. garawen, garwen, to make ready. Cf. Carouse, Garb clothing, Gear, n.] Ready; dexterous; eager; lively; quick to move. [Obs.] "Be yare in thy preparation." Shak.

The lesser [ship] will come and go, leave or take, and is yare; whereas the greater is slow.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Yare, adv. Soon. [Obs.] Cursor Mundi.

Yare"ly, adv. In a yare manner. [Obs.] Shak.

Yark (?), v. t. & i. To yerk. [Prov. Eng.]

Yar"ke (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Saki.

Yarn (?), n. [OE. yarn, arn, AS. gearn; akin to D. garen, G., OHG., Icel., Sw., & Dan. garn; of uncertain origin. Cf. Cord.]

1. Spun wool; woolen thread; also, thread of other material, as of cotton, flax, hemp, or silk; material spun and prepared for use in weaving, knitting, manufacturing sewing thread, or the like.

2. (Rope Making) One of the threads of which the strands of a rope are composed.

3. A story told by a sailor for the amusement of his companions; a story or tale; as, to spin a yarn. [Colloq.]

Yarn"en (?), a. Made of yarn; consisting of yarn. [Obs.] "A pair of yarnen stocks." Turbervile.

Yar"nut` (?), n. (Bot.) See Yernut.

Yarr (?), v. i. [OE. arren.] To growl or snarl as a dog. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Yar"rish (?), a. [Prov. E. yar sour, yare brackish.] Having a rough, dry taste. [Prov. Eng.]

Yar"row (?), n. [OE. yarowe, yarwe, arowe, AS. gearwe; akin to D. gerw, OHG. garwa, garawa, G. garbe, schafgarbe, and perhaps to E. yare.] (Bot.) An American and European composite plant (Achillea Millefolium) with very finely dissected leaves and small white corymbed flowers. It has a strong, and somewhat aromatic, odor and taste, and is sometimes used in making beer, or is dried for smoking. Called also milfoil, and nosebleed.

Yar"whip` (?), n. [So called from its sharp cry uttered when taking wing.] (Zoöl.) The European bar-tailed godwit; -- called also yardkeep, and yarwhelp. See Godwit. [Prov. Eng.]

Yat"a*ghan (?), n. [Turk. ytghn.] A long knife, or short saber, common among Mohammedan nations, usually having a double curve, sometimes nearly straight. [Written also ataghan, attaghan.] Chaucer.

Yate (?), n. A gate. See 1st Gate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Spenser.

Yaud (?), n. See Yawd. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Yaul (?), n. (Naut.) See Yawl.

Yaulp (?), v. i. To yaup.

Yaup (?), v. i. [See Yap, and Yelp.] To cry out like a child; to yelp. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.] [Written also yawp.]

Yaup, n. [Written also yawp.]

1. A cry of distress, rage, or the like, as the cry of a sickly bird, or of a child in pain. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

2. (Zoöl.) The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Yaup"er (?), n. One who, or that which, yaups.

Yau"pon (?), n. (Bot.) A shrub (Ilex Cassine) of the Holly family, native from Virginia to Florida. The smooth elliptical leaves are used as a substitute for tea, and were formerly used in preparing the black drink of the Indians of North Carolina. Called also South-Sea tea. [Written also yapon, youpon, and yupon.]

Yaw (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yawed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yawing.] [Cf. Yew, v. i.] To rise in blisters, breaking in white froth, as cane juice in the clarifiers in sugar works.

Yaw, v. i. & t. [Cf. Prov. G. gagen to rock, gageln to totter, shake, Norw. gaga to bend backward, Icel. gagr bent back, gaga to throw the neck back.] (Naut.) To steer wild, or out of the line of her course; to deviate from her course, as when struck by a heavy sea; -- said of a ship.

Just as he would lay the ship's course, all yawing being out of the question.

Lowell.

Yaw, n. (Naut.) A movement of a vessel by which she temporarily alters her course; a deviation from a straight course in steering.

Yawd (?), n. [Cf. Icel. jalda a mare, E. jade a nag.] A jade; an old horse or mare. [Written also yaud.] [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Grose.

Yawl (?), n. [D. jol; akin to LG. & Dan. jolle, Sw. julle. Cf. Jolly-boat.] (Naut.) A small ship's boat, usually rowed by four or six oars. [Written also yaul.]

Yawl, v. i. [OE. aulen, oulen, gaulen, goulen, Icel. gaula to low, bellow. Cf. Gowl.] To cry out like a dog or cat; to howl; to yell. Tennyson.

There howling Scyllas yawling round about.

Fairfax.

Yawl"-rigged" (?), a. (Naut.) Having two masts with fore-and-aft sails, but differing from a schooner in that the after mast is very small, and stepped as far aft as possible. See Illustration in Appendix.

Yawn (yn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yawned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yawning.] [OE. yanien, anien, ganien, gonien, AS. gnian; akin to ginian to yawn, gnan to yawn, open wide, G. gähnen to yawn, OHG. ginn, geinn, Icel. gna to yawn, gin the mouth, OSlav. zijati to yawn, L. hiare to gape, yawn; and perhaps to E. begin, cf. Gr. cheia` a hole. √47b. Cf. Begin, Gin to begin, Hiatus.]

1. To open the mouth involuntarily through drowsiness, dullness, or fatigue; to gape; to oscitate. "The lazy, yawning drone." Shak.

And while above he spends his breath,
The yawning audience nod beneath.

Trumbull.

2. To open wide; to gape, as if to allow the entrance or exit of anything.

't is now the very witching time of night,
When churchyards yawn.

Shak.

3. To open the mouth, or to gape, through surprise or bewilderment. Shak.

4. To be eager; to desire to swallow anything; to express desire by yawning; as, to yawn for fat livings. "One long, yawning gaze." Landor.

Yawn, n. 1. An involuntary act, excited by drowsiness, etc., consisting of a deep and long inspiration following several successive attempts at inspiration, the mouth, fauces, etc., being wide open.

One person yawning in company will produce a spontaneous yawn in all present.

N. Chipman.

2. The act of opening wide, or of gaping. Addison.

3. A chasm, mouth, or passageway. [R.]

Now gape the graves, and trough their yawns let loose
Imprisoned spirits.

Marston.

Yawn"ing*ly, adv. In a yawning manner.

Yawp (?), v. & n. See Yaup.

Yaws (?), n. [African yaw a raspberry.] (Med.) A disease, occurring in the Antilles and in Africa, characterized by yellowish or reddish tumors, of a contagious character, which, in shape and appearance, often resemble currants, strawberries, or raspberries. There are several varieties of this disease, variously known as frambœsia, pian, verrugas, and crab-yaws.

Yaw"-weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A low, shrubby, rubiaceous plant (Morinda Royoc) growing along the seacoast of the West Indies. It has small, white, odorous flowers.

Y*be" (?), obs. p. p. of Be. Been. Chaucer.

Y*cleped" (?), p. p. [AS. geclipod, p. p. of clipian, cleopian, cliopian, to call. See Clepe, and also the Note under Y-.] Called; named; -- obsolete, except in archaic or humorous writings. [Spelt also yclept.]

It is full fair to ben yclept madame.

Chaucer.

But come, thou goddess fair and free.
In heaven ycleped Euphrosyne.

Milton.

Those charming little missives ycleped valentines.

Lamb.

Y*do" (?), obs. p. p. of Do. Done. Chaucer.

Y*drad" (?), obs. p. p. of Dread. Dreaded.

Yet nothing did he dread, but ever was ydrad.

Spenser.

{Ye, Ye ()}, an old method of printing the article the (AS. þe), the "y" being used in place of the Anglo-Saxon thorn (þ). It is sometimes incorrectly pronounced y. See The, and Thorn, n., 4.

Y"ë ("e), n.; pl. Yën ("en). An eye. [Obs.]

From his yën ran the water down.

Chaucer.

Ye (y), pron. [OE. ye, e, nom. pl., AS. ge, g; cf. OS. ge, g, OFries. g, , D. gij, Dan. & Sw. i, Icel. r, OHG. ir, G. ihr, Goth. jus, Lith. jus, Gr. "ymei^s, Skr. yuyam. √189.] The plural of the pronoun of the second person in the nominative case.

Ye ben to me right welcome heartily.

Chaucer.

But ye are washed, but ye are sanctified.

1 Cor. vi. 11.

This would cost you your life in case ye were a man.

Udall.

In Old English ye was used only as a nominative, and you only as a dative or objective. In the 16th century, however, ye and you became confused and were often used interchangeably, both as nominatives and objectives, and you has now superseded ye except in solemn or poetic use. See You, and also the first Note under Thou.

Vain pomp and glory of this world, I hate ye.

Shak.

I come, kind gentlemen, strange news to tell ye.

Dryden.

Ye (y), adv. [See Yea.] Yea; yes. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yea (y or y; 277), adv. [OE. ye, ya, e, a, AS. geá; akin to OFries. g, i, OS., D., OHG., G., Dan. & Sw. ja, Icel, j, Goth. ja, jai, and probably to Gr. "h^ truly, verily. √188. Cf. Yes.]

1. Yes; ay; a word expressing assent, or an affirmative, or an affirmative answer to a question, now superseded by yes. See Yes.

Let your communication be yea, yea; nay, nay.

Matt. v. 37.

2. More than this; not only so, but; -- used to mark the addition of a more specific or more emphatic clause. Cf. Nay, adv., 2.

I therein do rejoice, yea, and will rejoice.

Phil. i. 18.

Yea sometimes introduces a clause, with the sense of indeed, verily, truly. "Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?" Gen. iii. 1.

Yea, n. An affirmative vote; one who votes in the affirmative; as, a vote by yeas and nays.

In the Scriptures, yea is used as a sign of certainty or stability. "All the promises of God in him are yea, and in him Amen." 2 Cor. i. 20.

Yead (?), v. i. Properly, a variant of the defective imperfect yode, but sometimes mistaken for a present. See the Note under Yede. [Obs.]

Years yead away and faces fair deflower.

Drant.

Yean (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Yeaned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yeaning.] [AS. eánian, or geeánian; perhaps akin to E. ewe, or perhaps to L. agnus, Gr. &?;. Cf. Ean.] To bring forth young, as a goat or a sheep; to ean. Shak.

Yean"ling (?), n. [Yean + - ling. Cf. Eanling.] A lamb or a kid; an eanling. Shak.

Year (?), n. [OE. yer, yeer, er, AS. geár; akin to OFries. i&?;r, g&?;r, D. jaar, OHG. jr, G. jahr, Icel. r, Dan. aar, Sw. år, Goth. j&?;r, Gr. &?; a season of the year, springtime, a part of the day, an hour, &?; a year, Zend yre year. √4, 279. Cf. Hour, Yore.]

1. The time of the apparent revolution of the sun trough the ecliptic; the period occupied by the earth in making its revolution around the sun, called the astronomical year; also, a period more or less nearly agreeing with this, adopted by various nations as a measure of time, and called the civil year; as, the common lunar year of 354 days, still in use among the Mohammedans; the year of 360 days, etc. In common usage, the year consists of 365 days, and every fourth year (called bissextile, or leap year) of 366 days, a day being added to February on that year, on account of the excess above 365 days (see Bissextile).

Of twenty year of age he was, I guess.

Chaucer.

The civil, or legal, year, in England, formerly commenced on the 25th of March. This practice continued throughout the British dominions till the year 1752.

2. The time in which any planet completes a revolution about the sun; as, the year of Jupiter or of Saturn.

3. pl. Age, or old age; as, a man in years. Shak.

Anomalistic year, the time of the earth's revolution from perihelion to perihelion again, which is 365 days, 6 hours, 13 minutes, and 48 seconds. -- A year's mind (Eccl.), a commemoration of a deceased person, as by a Mass, a year after his death. Cf. A month's mind, under Month. -- Bissextile year. See Bissextile. -- Canicular year. See under Canicular. -- Civil year, the year adopted by any nation for the computation of time. -- Common lunar year, the period of 12 lunar months, or 354 days. -- Common year, each year of 365 days, as distinguished from leap year. -- Embolismic year, or Intercalary lunar year, the period of 13 lunar months, or 384 days. -- Fiscal year (Com.), the year by which accounts are reckoned, or the year between one annual time of settlement, or balancing of accounts, and another. -- Great year. See Platonic year, under Platonic. -- Gregorian year, Julian year. See under Gregorian, and Julian. -- Leap year. See Leap year, in the Vocabulary. -- Lunar astronomical year, the period of 12 lunar synodical months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, 36 seconds. - - Lunisolar year. See under Lunisolar. -- Periodical year. See Anomalistic year, above. -- Platonic year, Sabbatical year. See under Platonic, and Sabbatical. -- Sidereal year, the time in which the sun, departing from any fixed star, returns to the same. This is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 9.3 seconds. -- Tropical year. See under Tropical. -- Year and a day (O. Eng. Law), a time to be allowed for an act or an event, in order that an entire year might be secured beyond all question. Abbott. -- Year of grace, any year of the Christian era; Anno Domini; A. D. or a. d.

Ye*a"ra (?), n. (Bot.) The California poison oak (Rhus diversiloba). See under Poison, a.

Year"book` (?), n. 1. A book published yearly; any annual report or summary of the statistics or facts of a year, designed to be used as a reference book; as, the Congregational Yearbook.

2. (Eng. Law) A book containing annual reports of cases adjudged in the courts of England.

<! p. 1674 !>

The Yearbooks are the oldest English reports extant, beginning with the reign of Edward II., and ending with the reign of Henry VIII. They were published annually, and derive their name from that fact. They consist of eleven parts, or volumes, are written in Law French, and extend over nearly two hundred years. There are, however, several hiatuses, or chasms, in the series. Kent. Bouvier.

Yeared (?), a. Containing years; having existed or continued many years; aged. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Year"ling (?), n. [Year + - ling.] An animal one year old, or in the second year of its age; -- applied chiefly to cattle, sheep, and horses.

Year"ling, a. Being a year old. "A yearling bullock to thy name small smoke." Pope.

Year"ly (?), a. [AS. geárlic.]

1. Happening, accruing, or coming every year; annual; as, a yearly income; a yearly feast.

2. Lasting a year; as, a yearly plant.

3. Accomplished in a year; as, the yearly circuit, or revolution, of the earth. Shak.

Year"ly, adv. [AS. geárlice.] Annually; once a year to year; as, blessings yearly bestowed.

Yearly will I do this rite.

Shak.

Yearn (yrn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yearned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yearning.] [Also earn, ern; probably a corruption of OE. ermen to grieve, AS. ierman, yrman, or geierman, geyrman, fr. earm wretched, poor; akin to D. & G. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms. The y- in English is perhaps due to the AS. ge (see Y-).] To pain; to grieve; to vex. [Obs.] "She laments, sir, for it, that it would yearn your heart to see it." Shak.

It yearns me not if men my garments wear.

Shak.

Yearn, v. i. To be pained or distressed; to grieve; to mourn. [Obs.] "Falstaff he is dead, and we must yearn therefore." Shak.

Yearn, v. i. & t. [See Yearnings.] To curdle, as milk. [Scot.]

Yearn, v. i. [OE. yernen, ernen, eornen, AS. geornian, gyrnan, fr. georn desirous, eager; akin to OS. gern desirous, girnean, gernean, to desire, D. gaarne gladly, willingly, G. gern, OHG. gerno, adv., gern, a., G. gier greed, OHG. gir greed, ger desirous, gern to desire, G. begehren, Icel. girna to desire, gjarn eager, Goth. faíhugaírns covetous, gaírnjan to desire, and perhaps to Gr. chai`rein to rejoice, be glad, Skr. hary to desire, to like. √33.] To be filled with longing desire; to be harassed or rendered uneasy with longing, or feeling the want of a thing; to strain with emotions of affection or tenderness; to long; to be eager.

Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yearn upon his brother; and he sought where to weep.

Gen. xliii. 30.

Your mother's heart yearns towards you.

Addison.

Yearn"ful (?), a. [OE. eornful, AS. geornfull.] Desirous. [Obs.] Ormulum. P. Fletcher.

Yearn"ing*ly, adv. With yearning.

Yearn"ings (?), n. pl. [Cf. AS. geirnan, geyrnan, to rum. See 4th Earn.] The maws, or stomachs, of young calves, used as a rennet for curdling milk. [Scot.]

Yearth (?), n. The earth. [Obs.] "Is my son dead or hurt or on the yerthe felled?" Ld. Berners.

Yeast (?), n. [OE. eest, est, AS. gist; akin to D. gest, gist, G. gischt, gäscht, OHG. jesan, jerian, to ferment, G. gischen, gäschen, gähren, Gr. &?; boiled, zei^n to boil, Skr. yas. √111.]

1. The foam, or troth (top yeast), or the sediment (bottom yeast), of beer or other in fermentation, which contains the yeast plant or its spores, and under certain conditions produces fermentation in saccharine or farinaceous substances; a preparation used for raising dough for bread or cakes, and making it light and puffy; barm; ferment.

2. Spume, or foam, of water.

They melt thy yeast of waves, which mar
Alike the Armada's pride, or spoils of Trafalgar.

Byron.

Yeast cake, a mealy cake impregnated with the live germs of the yeast plant, and used as a conveniently transportable substitute for yeast. -- Yeast plant (Bot.), the vegetable organism, or fungus, of which beer yeast consists. The yeast plant is composed of simple cells, or granules, about one three-thousandth of an inch in diameter, often united into filaments which reproduce by budding, and under certain circumstances by the formation of spores. The name is extended to other ferments of the same genus. See Saccharomyces. - - Yeast powder, a baling powder, -- used instead of yeast in leavening bread.

Yeast"-bit`ten (?), a. (Brewing) A term used of beer when the froth of the yeast has reëntered the body of the beer.

Yeast"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being yeasty, or frothy.

Yeast"y (?), a. Frothy; foamy; spumy, like yeast.

Yed"ding (?), n. [AS. geddung, gidding, giedding, from gieddian, giddian, to sing, speak.] The song of a minstrel; hence, any song. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yede (?), obs. imp. Went. See Yode.

All as he bade fulfilled was indeed
This ilke servant anon right out yede.

Chaucer.

Spenser and some later writers mistook this for a present of the defective imperfect yode. It is, however, only a variant of yode. See Yode, and cf. Yead.

[He] on foot was forced for to yeed.

Spenser

Yeel (?), n. An eel. [Obs.] Holland.

Yeld"hall` (?), n. Guildhall. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{Yel"drin (?) or Yel"drine }, n. [Cf. Yellow.] (Zoöl.) The yellow-hammer; -- called also yeldrock, and yoldrin. [Prov. Eng.]

Yelk (?), n. Same as Yolk.

Yell (yl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yelling.] [OE. yellen, ellen, AS. giellan, gillan, gyllan; akin to D. gillen, OHG. gellan, G. gellen, Icel. gjalla, Sw. gälla to ring, resound, and to AS., OS., & OHG. galan to sing, Icel. gala. Cf. 1st Gale, and Nightingale.] To cry out, or shriek, with a hideous noise; to cry or scream as with agony or horror.

They yelleden as feendes doon in helle.

Chaucer.

Nor the night raven, that still deadly yells.

Spenser.

Infernal ghosts and hellish furies round
Environed thee; some howled, some yelled.

Milton.

Yell (?), v. t. To utter or declare with a yell; to proclaim in a loud tone. Shak.

Yell, n. A sharp, loud, hideous outcry.

Their hideous yells
Rend the dark welkin.

J. Philips.

Yel"low (?), a. [Compar. Yellower (?); superl. Yellowest.] [OE. yelow, yelwe, elow, eoluw, from AS. geolu; akin to D. geel, OS. & OHG. gelo, G. gelb, Icel. gulr, Sw. gul, Dan. guul, L. helvus light bay, Gr. &?; young verdure, &?; greenish yellow, Skr. hari tawny, yellowish. &?;&?;&?;. Cf. Chlorine, Gall a bitter liquid, Gold, Yolk.] Being of a bright saffronlike color; of the color of gold or brass; having the hue of that part of the rainbow, or of the solar spectrum, which is between the orange and the green.

Her yellow hair was browded [braided] in a tress.

Chaucer.

A sweaty reaper from his tillage brought
First fruits, the green ear and the yellow sheaf.

Milton.

The line of yellow light dies fast away.

Keble.

Yellow atrophy (Med.), a fatal affection of the liver, in which it undergoes fatty degeneration, and becomes rapidly smaller and of a deep yellow tinge. The marked symptoms are black vomit, delirium, convulsions, coma, and jaundice. -- Yellow bark, calisaya bark. -- Yellow bass (Zoöl.), a North American fresh-water bass (Morone interrupta) native of the lower parts of the Mississippi and its tributaries. It is yellow, with several more or less broken black stripes or bars. Called also barfish. -- Yellow berry. (Bot.) Same as Persian berry, under Persian. -- Yellow boy, a gold coin, as a guinea. [Slang] Arbuthnot. -- Yellow brier. (Bot.) See under Brier. -- Yellow bugle (Bot.), a European labiate plant (Ajuga Chamæpitys). -- Yellow bunting (Zoöl.), the European yellow-hammer. -- Yellow cat (Zoöl.), a yellow catfish; especially, the bashaw. -- Yellow copperas (Min.), a hydrous sulphate of iron; -- called also copiapite. -- Yellow copper ore, a sulphide of copper and iron; copper pyrites. See Chalcopyrite. -- Yellow cress (Bot.), a yellow-flowered, cruciferous plant (Barbarea præcox), sometimes grown as a salad plant. -- Yellow dock. (Bot.) See the Note under Dock. -- Yellow earth, a yellowish clay, colored by iron, sometimes used as a yellow pigment. -- Yellow fever (Med.), a malignant, contagious, febrile disease of warm climates, attended with jaundice, producing a yellow color of the skin, and with the black vomit. See Black vomit, in the Vocabulary. -- Yellow flag, the quarantine flag. See under Quarantine, and 3d Flag. -- Yellow jack. (a) The yellow fever. See under 2d Jack. (b) The quarantine flag. See under Quarantine. -- Yellow jacket (Zoöl.), any one of several species of American social wasps of the genus Vespa, in which the color of the body is partly bright yellow. These wasps are noted for their irritability, and for their painful stings. -- Yellow lead ore (Min.), wulfenite. -- Yellow lemur (Zoöl.), the kinkajou. -- Yellow macauco (Zoöl.), the kinkajou. -- Yellow mackerel (Zoöl.), the jurel. -- Yellow metal. Same as Muntz metal, under Metal. -- Yellow ocher (Min.), an impure, earthy variety of brown iron ore, which is used as a pigment. -- Yellow oxeye (Bot.), a yellow-flowered plant (Chrysanthemum segetum) closely related to the oxeye daisy. -- Yellow perch (Zoöl.), the common American perch. See Perch. -- Yellow pike (Zoöl.), the wall-eye. -- Yellow pine (Bot.), any of several kinds of pine; also, their yellowish and generally durable timber. Among the most common are valuable species are Pinus mitis and P. palustris of the Eastern and Southern States, and P. ponderosa and P. Arizonica of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific States. -- Yellow plover (Zoöl.), the golden plover. -- Yellow precipitate (Med. Chem.), an oxide of mercury which is thrown down as an amorphous yellow powder on adding corrosive sublimate to limewater. -- Yellow puccoon. (Bot.) Same as Orangeroot. -- Yellow rail (Zoöl.), a small American rail (Porzana Noveboracensis) in which the lower parts are dull yellow, darkest on the breast. The back is streaked with brownish yellow and with black, and spotted with white. Called also yellow crake. - - Yellow rattle, Yellow rocket. (Bot.) See under Rattle, and Rocket. -- Yellow Sally (Zoöl.), a greenish or yellowish European stone fly of the genus Chloroperla; -- so called by anglers. -- Yellow sculpin (Zoöl.), the dragonet. -- Yellow snake (Zoöl.), a West Indian boa (Chilobothrus inornatus) common in Jamaica. It becomes from eight to ten long. The body is yellowish or yellowish green, mixed with black, and anteriorly with black lines. -- Yellow spot. (a) (Anat.) A small yellowish spot with a central pit, the fovea centralis, in the center of the retina where vision is most accurate. See Eye. (b) (Zoöl.) A small American butterfly (Polites Peckius) of the Skipper family. Its wings are brownish, with a large, irregular, bright yellow spot on each of the hind wings, most conspicuous beneath. Called also Peck's skipper. See Illust. under Skipper, n., 5. -- Yellow tit (Zoöl.), any one of several species of crested titmice of the genus Machlolophus, native of India. The predominating colors of the plumage are yellow and green. -- Yellow viper (Zoöl.), the fer-de-lance. -- Yellow warbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of American warblers of the genus Dendroica in which the predominant color is yellow, especially D. æstiva, which is a very abundant and familiar species; -- called also garden warbler, golden warbler, summer yellowbird, summer warbler, and yellow-poll warbler. -- Yellow wash (Pharm.), yellow oxide of mercury suspended in water, -- a mixture prepared by adding corrosive sublimate to limewater. -- Yellow wren (Zoöl.) (a) The European willow warbler. (b) The European wood warbler.

Yel"low, n. 1. A bright golden color, reflecting more light than any other except white; the color of that part of the spectrum which is between the orange and green. "A long motley coat guarded with yellow." Shak.

2. A yellow pigment.

Cadmium yellow, Chrome yellow, Indigo yellow, King's yellow, etc. See under Cadmium, Chrome, etc. -- Naples yellow, a yellow amorphous pigment, used in oil, porcelain, and enamel painting, consisting of a basic lead metantimonate, obtained by fusing together tartar emetic lead nitrate, and common salt. -- Patent yellow (Old Chem.), a yellow pigment consisting essentially of a lead oxychloride; -- called also Turner's yellow.

Yel"low (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yellowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yellowing.] To make yellow; to cause to have a yellow tinge or color; to dye yellow.

Yel"low, v. i. To become yellow or yellower.

Yel"low*am`mer (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Yellow-hammer.

Yel"low*bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American scoter.

Yel"low*bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American goldfinch, or thistle bird. See Goldfinch. (b) The common yellow warbler; -- called also summer yellowbird. See Illust. of Yellow warbler, under Yellow, a.

Yel"low-cov`ered (?), a. Covered or bound in yellow paper.

Yellow-covered literature, cheap sensational novels and trashy magazines; -- formerly so called from the usual color of their covers. [Colloq. U. S.] Bartlett.

Yel"low-eyed` (?), a. Having yellow eyes.

Yellow-eyed grass (Bot.), any plant of the genus Xyris.

Yel"low*fin` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large squeteague.

Yel"low*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A rock trout (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) found on the coast of Alaska; -- called also striped fish, and Atka mackerel.

Yel"low-golds` (?), n. (Bot.) A certain plant, probably the yellow oxeye. B. Jonson.

Yel"low*ham`mer (?), n. [For yellow- ammer, where ammer is fr. AS. amore a kind of bird; akin to G. ammer a yellow-hammer, OHG. amero.] (Zoöl.) (a) A common European finch (Emberiza citrinella). The color of the male is bright yellow on the breast, neck, and sides of the head, with the back yellow and brown, and the top of the head and the tail quills blackish. Called also yellow bunting, scribbling lark, and writing lark. [Written also yellow-ammer.] (b) The flicker. [Local, U. S.]

Yel"low*ing, n. The act or process of making yellow.

Softened . . . by the yellowing which time has given.

G. Eliot.

Yel"low*ish, a. Somewhat yellow; as, amber is of a yellowish color. -- Yel"low*ish*ness, n.

Yel"low*legs` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of long-legged sandpipers of the genus Totanus, in which the legs are bright yellow; -- called also stone snipe, tattler, telltale, yellowshanks; and yellowshins. See Tattler, 2.

Yel"low*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being yellow; as, the yellowness of an orange.

2. Jealousy. [Obs.]

I will possess him with yellowness.

Shak.

Yel"low*root` (?), n. (Bot.) Any one of several plants with yellow roots. Specifically: (a) See Xanthorhiza. (b) Same as Orangeroot.

Yel"lows (?), n. 1. (Far.) A disease of the bile in horses, cattle, and sheep, causing yellowness of the eyes; jaundice.

His horse . . . sped with spavins, rayed with the yellows.

Shak.

2. (Bot.) A disease of plants, esp. of peach trees, in which the leaves turn to a yellowish color; jeterus.

3. (Zoöl.) A group of butterflies in which the predominating color is yellow. It includes the common small yellow butterflies. Called also redhorns, and sulphurs. See Sulphur.

Yel"low*seed` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of pepper grass (Lepidium campestre).

{ Yel"low*shanks` (?), Yel"low*shins` (?), } n. (Zoöl.) See Yellolegs.

Yel"low*tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of marine carangoid fishes of the genus Seriola; especially, the large California species (S. dorsalis) which sometimes weighs thirty or forty pounds, and is highly esteemed as a food fish; -- called also cavasina, and white salmon. (b) The mademoiselle, or silver perch. (c) The menhaden. (d) The runner, 12. (e) A California rockfish (Sebastodes flavidus). (f) The sailor's choice (Diplodus rhomboides).

Several other fishes are also locally called yellowtail.

Yel"low*throat` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of American ground warblers of the genus Geothlypis, esp. the Maryland yellowthroat (G. trichas), which is a very common species.

Yel"low*top` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of grass, perhaps a species of Agrostis.

Yel"low*wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The wood of any one of several different kinds of trees; also, any one of the trees themselves. Among the trees so called are the Cladrastis tinctoria, an American leguminous tree; the several species of prickly ash (Xanthoxylum); the Australian Flindersia Oxleyana, a tree related to the mahogany; certain South African species of Podocarpus, trees related to the yew; the East Indian Podocarpus latifolia; and the true satinwood (Chloroxylon Swietenia). All these Old World trees furnish valuable timber.

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Yel"low*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A European yellow-flowered, gentianaceous (Chlora perfoliata). The whole plant is intensely bitter, and is sometimes used as a tonic, and also in dyeing yellow.

Yelp (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yelped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yelping.] [OE. yelpen, elpen, to boast, boast noisily, AS. gielpan, gilpan, gylpan; akin to OHG. gelph arrogant: cf. Icel. gjlpa to yelp. Cf. Yap.]

1. To boast. [Obs.]

I keep [care] not of armes for to yelpe.

Chaucer.

2. To utter a sharp, quick cry, as a hound; to bark shrilly with eagerness, pain, or fear; to yaup.

A little herd of England's timorous deer,
Mazed with a yelping kennel of French curs?

Shak.

At the least flourish of a broomstick or ladle, he would fly to the door with a yelping precipitation.

W. Irving.

Yelp, n. A sharp, quick cry; a bark. Chaucer.

Yelp"er (?), n. An animal that yelps, or makes a yelping noise. Specifically: (Zoöl.) (a) The avocet; -- so called from its sharp, shrill cry. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The tattler. [Local, U. S.]

Ye"man (?), n. A yeoman. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Yen (?), n. The unit of value and account in Japan. Since Japan's adoption of the gold standard, in 1897, the value of the yen has been about 50 cents. The yen is equal to 100 sen.

Yend (?), v. t. To throw; to cast. [Prov. Eng.]

Ye"nite (?), n. [After Jena, in Germany.] (Min.) A silicate of iron and lime occurring in black prismatic crystals; -- also called ilvaite. [Spelt also jenite.]

Yeo"man (?), n.; pl. Yeomen (#). [OE. yoman, eman, oman; of uncertain origin; perhaps the first, syllable is akin to OFries. g district, region, G. gau, OHG. gewi, gouwi, Goth. gawi. √100.]

1. A common man, or one of the commonly of the first or most respectable class; a freeholder; a man free born.

A yeoman in England is considered as next in order to the gentry. The word is little used in the United States, unless as a title in law proceedings and instruments, designating occupation, and this only in particular States.

2. A servant; a retainer. [Obs.]

A yeman hadde he and servants no mo.

Chaucer.

3. A yeoman of the guard; also, a member of the yeomanry cavalry. [Eng.]

4. (Naut.) An interior officer under the boatswain, gunner, or carpenters, charged with the stowage, account, and distribution of the stores.

Yeoman of the guard, one of the bodyguard of the English sovereign, consisting of the hundred yeomen, armed with partisans, and habited in the costume of the sixteenth century. They are members of the royal household.

Yeo"man*like` (?), a. Resembling, or suitable to, a yeoman; yeomanly.

Yeo"man*ly, a. Pertaining to a yeoman; becoming or suitable to, a yeoman; yeomanlike. B. Jonson.

Well could he dress his tackle yeomanly.

Chaucer.

Yeo"man*ry (?), n. 1. The position or rank of a yeoman. [Obs.] "His estate of yeomanry." Chaucer.

2. The collective body of yeomen, or freeholders.

The enfranchised yeomanry began to feel an instinct for dominion.

Bancroft.

3. The yeomanry cavalry. [Eng.]

Yeomanry cavalry, certain bodies of volunteer cavalry liable to service in Great Britain only. [Eng.]

Yeor"ling (?), n. [Cf. Yellow.] (Zoöl.) The European yellow-hammer.

Yer (?), prep. Ere; before. [Obs.] Sylvester.

||Yer"ba (?), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) An herb; a plant.

This word is much used in compound names of plants in Spanish; as, yerba buena [Sp., a good herb], a name applied in Spain to several kinds of mint (Mentha sativa, viridis, etc.), but in California universally applied to a common, sweet- scented labiate plant (Micromeria Douglasii).

Yerba dol osa. [Sp., herb of the she-bear.] A kind of buckthorn (Rhamnus Californica). -- Yerba mansa. [Sp., a mild herb, soft herb.] A plant (Anemopsis Californica) with a pungent, aromatic rootstock, used medicinally by the Mexicans and the Indians. -- Yerba reuma. [Cf. Sp. reuma rheum, rheumatism.] A low California undershrub (Frankenia grandifolia).

Yerd (?), n. See 1st & 2d Yard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yerk (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yerked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yerking.] [See Yerk.]

1. To throw or thrust with a sudden, smart movement; to kick or strike suddenly; to jerk.

Their wounded steeds . . .
Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters.

Shak.

2. To strike or lash with a whip. [Obs. or Scot.]

Yerk, v. i. 1. To throw out the heels; to kick; to jerk.

They flirt, they yerk, they backward . . . fling.

Drayton.

2. To move a quick, jerking motion.

Yerk, n. A sudden or quick thrust or motion; a jerk.

Yern (?), v. i. See 3d Yearn. [Obs.]

Yern, a. [OE. ern, eorne, AS. georn desirous, eager. See Yearn to long.] Eager; brisk; quick; active. [Obs.] "Her song . . . loud and yern." Chaucer.

Yerne (?), adv. [OE. eorne. See Yern, a.] Eagerly; briskly; quickly. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

My hands and my tongue go so yerne.

Chaucer.

Yer"nut` (?), n. [Cf. Dan. jordnöd, Sw. jordnöt, earthnut. Cf. Jarnut.] An earthnut, or groundnut. See Groundnut (d). [Written also yarnut.]

Yerst (?), adv. See Erst. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Yes (?), adv. [OE. yis, is, es, ise, AS. gese, gise; probably fr. geá yea + sw so. √188. See Yea, and So.] Ay; yea; -- a word which expresses affirmation or consent; -- opposed to no.

Yes is used, like yea, to enforce, by repetition or addition, something which precedes; as, you have done all this -- yes, you have done more. "Yes, you despise the man books confined." Pope.

"The fine distinction between ‘yea' and ‘yes,' ‘nay' and ‘no,' that once existed in English, has quite disappeared. ‘Yea' and ‘nay' in Wyclif's time, and a good deal later, were the answers to questions framed in the affirmative. ‘Will he come?' To this it would have been replied, ‘Yea' or ‘Nay', as the case might be. But, ‘Will he not come?' To this the answer would have been ‘Yes' or ‘No.' Sir Thomas More finds fault with Tyndale, that in his translation of the Bible he had not observed this distinction, which was evidently therefore going out even then, that is, in the reign of Henry VIII.; and shortly after it was quite forgotten." Trench.

Yest (?), n. See Yeast. Shak.

Yes"ter (?), a. [See Yesterday.] Last; last past; next before; of or pertaining to yesterday.

[An enemy] whom yester sun beheld
Mustering her charms.

Dryden.

This word is now seldom used except in a few compounds; as, yesterday, yesternight, etc.

Yes"ter*day (?), n. [OE. isterdai, AS. geostran dæg, from geostran, geostra, giestran, gistran, gystran, yesterday (akin to D. gisteren, G. gestern, OHG. gestaron, Icel. gær yesterday, to-morrow, Goth. gistradagis to-morrow, L. heri yesterday, Gr. &?;, Skr. hyas) + dæg day. Cf. Hestern. &?;&?;&?;&?;.]

1. The day last past; the day next before the present.

All our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death.

Shak.

We are but of yesterday, and know nothing.

Job viii. 9.

2. Fig.: A recent time; time not long past.

The proudest royal houses are but of yesterday, when compared with the line of supreme pontiffs.

Macaulay.

Yes"ter*day, adv. On the day last past; on the day preceding to-day; as, the affair took place yesterday.

{ Yes"ter*eve` (?), Yes"ter-e`ven*ing (?), } n. The evening of yesterday; the evening last past.

{ Yes"ter*morn` (?), Yes"ter-morn`ing, } n. The morning of yesterday. Coleridge.

Yes"tern (?), a. [See Yester.] Of or pertaining to yesterday; relating to the day last past.

Yes"ter*night` (?), n. The last night; the night last past.

Yes"ter*night`, adv. [AS. gystran niht. See Yesterday.] On the last night. B. Jonson.

Yes"ter*noon` (?), n. The noon of yesterday; the noon last past.

Yes"ter*week` (?), n. The week last past; last week.

Yes"ter*year` (?), n. The year last past; last year.

Yes`treen" (?), n. Yester-evening; yesternight; last night. [R. or Scot.]

Yestreen I did not know
How largely I could live.

Bp. Coxe.

Yest"y (?), a. See Yeasty. Shak.

Yet (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large marine gastropods belonging to the genus Yetus, or Cymba; a boat shell.

Yet, adv. [OE. yet, et, it, AS. git, gyt, giet, gieta; akin to OFries. ieta, eta, ita, MHG. iezuo, ieze, now, G. jetzo, jetzt.]

1. In addition; further; besides; over and above; still. "A little longer; yet a little longer." Dryden.

This furnishes us with yet one more reason why our savior, lays such a particular stress acts of mercy.

Atterbury.

The rapine is made yet blacker by the pretense of piety and justice.

L'Estrange.

2. At the same time; by continuance from a former state; still.

Facts they had heard while they were yet heathens.

Addison.

3. Up to the present time; thus far; hitherto; until now; -- and with the negative, not yet, not up to the present time; not as soon as now; as, Is it time to go? Not yet. See As yet, under As, conj.

Ne never yet no villainy ne said.

Chaucer.

4. Before some future time; before the end; eventually; in time. "He 'll be hanged yet." Shak.

5. Even; -- used emphatically.

Men may not too rashly believe the confessions of witches, nor yet the evidence against them.

Bacon.

Yet (?), conj. Nevertheless; notwithstanding; however.

Yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.

Matt. vi. 29.

Syn. -- See However.

Yeve (?), v. i. To give. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yev"en (?), p. p. Given. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yew (), v. i. See Yaw.

Yew, n. [OE. ew, AS. eów, w, eoh; akin to D. ijf, OHG. wa, ha, G. eibe, Icel. r; cf. Ir. iubhar, Gael. iubhar, iughar, W. yw, ywen, Lith. jëva the black alder tree.]

1. (Bot.) An evergreen tree (Taxus baccata) of Europe, allied to the pines, but having a peculiar berrylike fruit instead of a cone. It frequently grows in British churchyards.

2. The wood of the yew. It is light red in color, compact, fine-grained, and very elastic. It is preferred to all other kinds of wood for bows and whipstocks, the best for these purposes coming from Spain.

The American yew (Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis) is a low and straggling or prostrate bush, never forming an erect trunk. The California yew (Taxus brevifolia) is a good-sized tree, and its wood is used for bows, spear handles, paddles, and other similar implements. Another yew is found in Florida, and there are species in Japan and the Himalayas.

3. A bow for shooting, made of the yew.

Yew (), a. Of or pertaining to yew trees; made of the wood of a yew tree; as, a yew whipstock.

Yew"en (?), a. Made of yew; as, yewen bows.

Yex (?), v. i. [OE. exen, yesken, AS. giscian to sob.] To hiccough. [Written also yox, yux.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

He yexeth and he speaketh through the nose.

Chaucer.

Yex, n. [AS. geocsa a sobbing, hiccough. Cf. Yex, v. i.] A hiccough. [Written also yox, and yux.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "The excessive yex." Holland.

Yez`de*ger"di*an (?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Yezdegerd, the last Sassanian monarch of Persia, who was overthrown by the Mohammedans; as, the Yezdegerdian era, which began on the 16th of June, a. d. 632. The era is still used by the Parsees.

Yez"di (yz"d), n. Same as Izedi. Tylor.

{ Yez"i*dee (?), Yez"i*di (?) }, n. Same as Izedi.

Y*fere" (?), adv. Together. See Ifere. [Obs.]

As friends do when they be met yfere.

Chaucer.

Yg"dra*syl (?), n. (Scand. Myth.) See in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.

Y"ghe (?), n. Eye. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Y*go" (?), obs. p. p. of Go. Gone. Chaucer.

Y*ground" (?), obs. p. p. of Grind. Chaucer.

Y*hold"e (?), obs. p. p. of Hold. Chaucer.

Yield (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yielded; obs. p. p. Yold (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yielding.] [OE. yelden, elden, ilden, AS. gieldan, gildan, to pay, give, restore, make an offering; akin to OFries. jelda, OS. geldan, D. gelden to cost, to be worth, G. gelten, OHG. geltan to pay, restore, make an offering, be worth, Icel. gjalda to pay, give up, Dan. gielde to be worth, Sw. gälla to be worth, gälda to pay, Goth. gildan in fragildan, usgildan. Cf. 1st Geld, Guild.]

1. To give in return for labor expended; to produce, as payment or interest on what is expended or invested; to pay; as, money at interest yields six or seven per cent.

To yelde Jesu Christ his proper rent.

Chaucer.

When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength.

Gen. iv. 12.

2. To furnish; to afford; to render; to give forth. "Vines yield nectar." Milton.

[He] makes milch kine yield blood.

Shak.

The wilderness yieldeth food for them and for their children.

Job xxiv. 5.

3. To give up, as something that is claimed or demanded; to make over to one who has a claim or right; to resign; to surrender; to relinquish; as a city, an opinion, etc.

And, force perforce, I'll make him yield the crown.

Shak.

Shall yield up all their virtue, all their fame.

Milton.

4. To admit to be true; to concede; to allow.

I yield it just, said Adam, and submit.

Milton.

5. To permit; to grant; as, to yield passage.

6. To give a reward to; to bless. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tend me to-night two hours, I ask no more,
And the gods yield you for 't.

Shak.

God yield thee, and God thank ye.

Beau. & Fl.

To yield the breath, the ghost, or the life, to die; to expire; -- often followed by up.

One calmly yields his willing breath.

Keble.

Yield, v. i. 1. To give up the contest; to submit; to surrender; to succumb.

He saw the fainting Grecians yield.

Dryden.

2. To comply with; to assent; as, I yielded to his request.

3. To give way; to cease opposition; to be no longer a hindrance or an obstacle; as, men readily yield to the current of opinion, or to customs; the door yielded.

Will ye relent,
And yield to mercy while 't is offered you?

Shak.

4. To give place, as inferior in rank or excellence; as, they will yield to us in nothing.

Nay tell me first, in what more happy fields
The thistle springs, to which the lily yields?

Pope.

Yield (?), n. Amount yielded; product; -- applied especially to products resulting from growth or cultivation. "A goodly yield of fruit doth bring." Bacon.

Yield"a*ble (?), a. Disposed to yield or comply. [R.] -- Yield"a*ble*ness, n. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Yield"ance (?), n. 1. The act of producing; yield; as, the yieldance of the earth. [R.] Bp. Hall.

2. The act of yielding; concession. [R.] South.

Yield"er (?), n. One who yields. Shak.

Yield"ing, a. Inclined to give way, or comply; flexible; compliant; accommodating; as, a yielding temper.

Yielding and paying (Law), the initial words of that clause in leases in which the rent to be paid by the lessee is mentioned and reserved. Burrill.

Syn. -- Obsequious; attentive. -- Yielding, Obsequious, Attentive. In many cases a man may be attentive or yielding in a high degree without any sacrifice of his dignity; but he who is obsequious seeks to gain favor by excessive and mean compliances for some selfish end.

-- Yield"ing*ly, adv. -- Yield"ing*ness, n.

Yield"less, a. Without yielding; unyielding. [Obs.]

Yift (?), n. Gift. [Obs.] "Great yiftes." Chaucer.

Yin (?), n. A Chinese weight of 2 pounds.

<! p. 1676 !>

Yis (?), adv. Yes. [Obs.]

"Yis, sir," quod he, "yis, host."

Chaucer.

Yit (?), conj. Yet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yite (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European yellow-hammer.

Yive (?), v. t. & i. To give. [Obs.] Chaucer.

-yl (?). [Gr. &?; wood, material.] (Chem.) A suffix used as a characteristic termination of chemical radicals; as in ethyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, etc.

-yl was first used in 1832 by Liebig and Wöhler in naming benzoyl, in the sense of stuff, or fundamental material, then in 1834 by Dumas and Peligot in naming methyl, in the sense of wood. After this - yl was generally used as in benzoyl, in the sense of stuff, characteristic ground, fundamental material.

Yle (?), n. Isle. [Obs.] "The barren yle." Chaucer.

Y" lev`el (?). (Surv.) See under Y, n.

{ Y*liche" (?), Y*like" (?) }, a. & adv. Like; alike. [Obs.] "All . . . yliche good." Chaucer.

Yl`lan*ra*ton" (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The agouara.

Y*mak"ed (?), obs. p. p. of Make. Made.

Y*mel" (?), prep. [OE. ymel, imelle, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. milli, millum (properly, in the middle, fr. &?; in + mi&?;il, me&?;al, middle, akin to E. middle), Dan. imellem, Sw. emellan. See In, and Middle.] Among. [Obs.] "Ymel them all." Chaucer.

Y*nam"bu (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South American tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens); -- called also perdiz grande, and rufous tinamou. See Illust. of Tinamou.

{ Y*nough" (?), Y*now" (?) }, a. [See Enough.] Enough. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yock"el (?), n. [Cf. Yokel.] (Zoöl.) The yaffle.

Yode (?), obs. imp. of Go. [OE. yode, yede, ede, eode, eode, AS. eóde, used as the imp. of gn to go; akin to Goth. iddja I, he, went, L. ire to go, Gr. 'ie`nai, Skr. i, y. √4. Cf. Issue.] Went; walked; proceeded. [Written also yede.] See Yede.

Quer [whether] they rade [rode] or yode.

Cursor Mundi.

Then into Cornhill anon I yode.

Lydgate.

{ Yo"del (?), Yo"dle (?), } v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Yodeled, Yodled; p. pr. & vb. n. Yodeling, Yodling.] [G. jodeln.] To sing in a manner common among the Swiss and Tyrolese mountaineers, by suddenly changing from the head voice, or falsetto, to the chest voice, and the contrary; to warble.

{ Yo"del, Yo"dle }, n. A song sung by yodeling, as by the Swiss mountaineers.

Yo"dler (?), n. One who yodels.

||Yo"ga (?), n. [Skr. yga union.] A species of asceticism among the Hindoos, which consists in a complete abstraction from all worldly objects, by which the votary expects to obtain union with the universal spirit, and to acquire superhuman faculties.

Yo"gi (?), n. [Skr. ygin.] A follower of the yoga philosophy; an ascetic. [Spelt also yokin.] Whitworth.

Yo"icks (?), interj. (Hunting) A cry of encouragement to foxhounds.

Yoit (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European yellow-hammer. [Prov. Eng.]

||Yo"jan (?), n. [Skr. yjana.] A measure of distance, varying from four to ten miles, but usually about five. [India] [Written also yojana.]

Yoke (yk), n. [OE. yok, oc, AS. geoc; akin to D. juk, OHG. joh, G. joch, Icel. & Sw. ok, Dan. aag, Goth. juk, Lith. jungas, Russ. igo, L. jugum, Gr. zy`gon, Skr. yuga, and to L. jungere to join, Gr. &?;, Skr. yui. √109, 280. Cf. Join, Jougs, Joust, Jugular, Subjugate, Syzygy, Yuga, Zeugma.]

1. A bar or frame of wood by which two oxen are joined at the heads or necks for working together.

A yearling bullock to thy name shall smoke,
Untamed, unconscious of the galling yoke.

Pope.

The modern yoke for oxen is usually a piece of timber hollowed, or made curving, near each end, and laid on the necks of the oxen, being secured in place by two bows, one inclosing each neck, and fastened through the timber. In some countries the yoke consists of a flat piece of wood fastened to the foreheads of the oxen by thongs about the horns.

2. A frame or piece resembling a yoke, as in use or shape. Specifically: (a) A frame of wood fitted to a person's shoulders for carrying pails, etc., suspended on each side; as, a milkmaid's yoke. (b) A frame worn on the neck of an animal, as a cow, a pig, a goose, to prevent passage through a fence. (c) A frame or convex piece by which a bell is hung for ringing it. See Illust. of Bell. (d) A crosspiece upon the head of a boat's rudder. To its ends lines are attached which lead forward so that the boat can be steered from amidships. (e) (Mach.) A bent crosspiece connecting two other parts. (f) (Arch.) A tie securing two timbers together, not used for part of a regular truss, but serving a temporary purpose, as to provide against unusual strain. (g) (Dressmaking) A band shaped to fit the shoulders or the hips, and joined to the upper full edge of the waist or the skirt.

3. Fig.: That which connects or binds; a chain; a link; a bond connection.

Boweth your neck under that blissful yoke . . .
Which that men clepeth spousal or wedlock.

Chaucer.

This yoke of marriage from us both remove.

Dryden.

4. A mark of servitude; hence, servitude; slavery; bondage; service.

Our country sinks beneath the yoke.

Shak.

My yoke is easy, and my burden is light.

Matt. xi. 30.

5. Two animals yoked together; a couple; a pair that work together.

I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to prove them.

Luke xiv. 19.

6. The quantity of land plowed in a day by a yoke of oxen. [Obs.] Gardner.

7. A portion of the working day; as, to work two yokes, that is, to work both portions of the day, or morning and afternoon. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Neck yoke, Pig yoke. See under Neck, and Pig. -- Yoke elm (Bot.), the European hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus), a small tree with tough white wood, often used for making yokes for cattle.

Yoke (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yoked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yoking.]

1. To put a yoke on; to join in or with a yoke; as, to yoke oxen, or pair of oxen.

2. To couple; to join with another. "Be ye not unequally yoked with unbelievers." 2 Cor. vi. 14.

Cassius, you are yoked with a lamb.

Shak.

3. To enslave; to bring into bondage; to restrain; to confine.

Then were they yoked with garrisons.

Milton.

The words and promises that yoke
The conqueror are quickly broke.

Hudibras.

Yoke, v. i. To be joined or associated; to be intimately connected; to consort closely; to mate.

We 'll yoke together, like a double shadow.

Shak.

Yoke"age (?), n. See Rokeage. [Local, U. S.]

Yoke"fel`low (?), n. [Yoke + fellow.] An associate or companion in, or as in; a mate; a fellow; especially, a partner in marriage. Phil. iv. 3.

The two languages [English and French] became yokefellows in a still more intimate manner.

Earle.

Those who have most distinguished themselves by railing at the sex, very often choose one of the most worthless for a companion and yokefellow.

Addison.

Yo"kel (?), n. [Perhaps from an AS. word akin to E. gawk.] A country bumpkin. [Eng.] Dickens.

Yoke"let (?), n. A small farm; -- so called as requiring but one yoke of oxen to till it. [Prov. Eng.]

Yoke"mate` (?), n. Same as Yokefellow.

Yoke"-toed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having two toes in front and two behind, as the trogons and woodpeckers.

Yold (?), obs. p. p. of Yield. Yielded. Spenser.

Yold"en (?), obs. p. p. of Yield. Yielded.

Yolk (ylk or yk; 277), n. [OE. yolke, yelke, olke, elke, AS. geoloca, geoleca, fr. geolu yellow. See Yellow.] [Written also yelk.]

1. The yellow part of an egg; the vitellus.

2. (Zoöl.) An oily secretion which naturally covers the wool of sheep.

Yolk cord (Zoöl.), a slender cord or duct which connects the yolk glands with the egg chambers in certain insects, as in the aphids. -- Yolk gland (Zoöl.), a special organ which secretes the yolk of the eggs in many turbellarians, and in some other invertebrates. See Illust. of Hermaphrodite in Appendix. -- Yolk sack (Anat.), the umbilical vesicle. See under Unbilical.

Yoll (yl), v. i. To yell. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yon (yn), a. [OE. yon, on, AS. geon; akin to G. jener, OHG. jenr, Icel. enn, inn; cf. Goth. jains. √188. Cf. Beyond, Yond, Yonder.] At a distance, but within view; yonder. [Poetic]

Read thy lot in yon celestial sign.

Milton.

Though fast yon shower be fleeting.

Keble.

Yon, adv. Yonder. [Obs. or Poetic]

But, first and chiefest, with thee bring
Him that yon soars on golden wing.

Milton.

Yon"co*pin (?), n. [Perhaps corrupted from Illinois micoupena, Chippewa makopin, the American lotus.] (Bot.) A local name in parts of the Mississippi Valley for the American lotus (Nelumbo lutea).

Yond (?), a. [Cf. AS. anda, onda, anger, andian to be angry.] Furious; mad; angry; fierce. [Obs.] "Then wexeth wood and yond." Spenser.

Yond, adv. & a. [OE. yond, ond, eond, through, beyond, over, AS. geond, adv. & prep.; cf. Goth. jaind thither. √188. See Yon, a.] Yonder. [Obs.] "Yond in the garden." Chaucer.

Yon"der (?), adv. [OE. yonder, onder; cf. OD. ginder, Goth. jaindr&?; there. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Yond, adv.] At a distance, but within view.

Yonder are two apple women scolding.

Arbuthnot.

Yon"der, a. Being at a distance within view, or conceived of as within view; that or those there; yon. "Yon flowery arbors, yonder alleys green." Milton. "Yonder sea of light." Keble.

Yonder men are too many for an embassage.

Bacon.

||Yo"ni (?), n. [Skr. y&?;ni.] (Hindoo Myth.) The symbol under which Sakti, or the personification of the female power in nature, is worshiped. Cf. Lingam.

Yon"ker (?), n. [See Younker.] A young fellow; a younker. [Obs. or Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Yore (yr), adv. [OE. ore, yare, are, AS. geára;akin to geár a year, E. year. √204. See Year.] In time long past; in old time; long since. [Obs. or Poetic]

As it hath been of olde times yore.

Chaucer.

Which though he hath polluted oft and yore,
Yet I to them for judgment just do fly.

Spenser.

Of yore, of old time; long ago; as, in times or days of yore. "But Satan now is wiser than of yore." Pope.

Where Abraham fed his flock of yore.

Keble.

York"er (?), n. (Cricket) A tice.

York"shire (?), n. A county in the north of England.

Yorkshire grit, a kind of stone used for polishing marble, and copperplates for engravers. Simmonds. -- Yorkshire pudding, a batter pudding baked under meat.

York" use` (?). (Eccl.) The one of the three printed uses of England which was followed in the north. It was based on the Sarum use. See Use, n., 6. Shipley.

Yot (?), v. t. To unite closely. [Prov. Eng.]

Yote (yt), v. t. [OE. eoten, eten, to pour, AS. geótan. See Found to cast.] To pour water on; to soak in, or mix with, water. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Grose.

My fowls, which well enough,
I, as before, found feeding at their trough
Their yoted wheat.

Chapman.

You (), pron. [Possess. Your (r) or Yours (rz); dat. & obj. You.] [OE. you, eou, eow, dat. & acc., AS. eów, used as dat. & acc. of ge, g, ye; akin to OFries. iu, io, D. u, G. euch, OHG. iu, dat., iuwih, acc., Icel. yðr, dat. & acc., Goth. izwis; of uncertain origin. √189. Cf. Your.] The pronoun of the second person, in the nominative, dative, and objective case, indicating the person or persons addressed. See the Note under Ye.

Ye go to Canterbury; God you speed.

Chaucer.

Good sir, I do in friendship counsel you
To leave this place.

Shak.

In vain you tell your parting lover
You wish fair winds may waft him over.

Prior.

Though you is properly a plural, it is in all ordinary discourse used also in addressing a single person, yet properly always with a plural verb. "Are you he that hangs the verses on the trees, wherein Rosalind is so admired ?" Shak. You and your are sometimes used indefinitely, like we, they, one, to express persons not specified. "The looks at a distance like a new-plowed land; but as you come near it, you see nothing but a long heap of heavy, disjointed clods." Addison. "Your medalist and critic are much nearer related than the world imagine." Addison. "It is always pleasant to be forced to do what you wish to do, but what, until pressed, you dare not attempt." Hook. You is often used reflexively for yourself of yourselves. "Your highness shall repose you at the tower." Shak.

Youl (?), v. i. To yell; to yowl. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Young (yng), a. [Compar. Younger (y"gr); superl. Youngest (-gst).] [OE. yung, yong, ong, ung, AS. geong; akin to OFries. iung, iong, D. joing, OS., OHG., & G. jung, Icel. ungr, Sw. & Dan. ung, Goth. juggs, Lith. jaunas, Russ. iunuii, L. juvencus, juvenis, Skr. juvaça, juvan. √281. Cf. Junior, Juniper, Juvenile, Younker, Youth.]

1. Not long born; still in the first part of life; not yet arrived at adolescence, maturity, or age; not old; juvenile; -- said of animals; as, a young child; a young man; a young fawn.

For he so young and tender was of age.

Chaucer.

"Whom the gods love, die young," has been too long carelessly said; . . . whom the gods love, live young forever.

Mrs. H. H. Jackson.

2. Being in the first part, pr period, of growth; as, a young plant; a young tree.

While the fears of the people were young.

De Foe.

3. Having little experience; inexperienced; unpracticed; ignorant; weak.

Come, come, elder brother, you are too young in this.

Shak.

Young, n. The offspring of animals, either a single animal or offspring collectively.

[The egg] bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed
Their callow young.

Milton.

With young, with child; pregnant.

Young"ger (?), n. One who is younger; an inferior in age; a junior. "The elder shall serve the younger." Rom. ix. 12.

Young"ish (?), a. Somewhat young. Tatler.

Young"ling (?), n. [AS. geongling.] A young person; a youth; also, any animal in its early life. "More dear . . . than younglings to their dam." Spenser.

He will not be so willing, I think, to join with you as with us younglings.

Ridley.

Young"ling, a. Young; youthful. Wordsworth.

Young"ly, a. [AS. geonglic.] Like a young person or thing; young; youthful. [Obs.] Shak.

Young"ly, adv. 1. In a young manner; in the period of youth; early in life. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Ignorantly; weakly. [R.]

Young"ness, n. The quality or state of being young.

Young"ster (?), n. A young person; a youngling; a lad. [Colloq.] "He felt himself quite a youngster, with a long life before him." G. Eliot.

Youngth (?), n. Youth. [Obs.]

Youngth is a bubble blown up with breath.

Spenser.

Youngth"ly, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, youth; youthful. [Obs.] Spenser.

Youn"ker (?), n. [D. jonker, jonkeer; jong young + heer a lord, sir, gentleman. See Young, a.] A young person; a stripling; a yonker. [Obs. or Colloq.]

That same younker soon was overthrown.

Spenser.

You"pon (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Yaupon.

Your (r), pron. & a. [OE. your, our, eowr, eower, AS. eówer, originally used as the gen. of ge, g, ye; akin to OFries. iuwer your, OS. iuwar, D. uw, OHG. iuwr, G. euer, Icel. yðar, Goth. izwara, izwar, and E. you. √189. See You.] The form of the possessive case of the personal pronoun you.

The possessive takes the form yours when the noun to which it refers is not expressed, but implied; as, this book is yours. "An old fellow of yours." Chaucer.

Yours (ürz), pron. See the Note under Your.

Your*self" (?), pron.; pl. Yourselves (#). [Your + self.] An emphasized or reflexive form of the pronoun of the second person; -- used as a subject commonly with you; as, you yourself shall see it; also, alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as, you have injured yourself.

Of which right now ye han yourselve heard.

Chaucer.

If yourselves are old, make it your cause.

Shak.

Why should you be so cruel to yourself ?

Milton.

The religious movement which you yourself, as well as I, so faithfully followed from first to last.

J. H. Newman.

Youth (th), n.; pl. Youths (ths; 264) or collectively Youth. [OE. youthe, youhþe, uheðe, uweðe, eoeðe, AS. geoguð, geogoð; akin to OS. jugð, D. jeugd, OHG. jugund, G. jugend, Goth. junda. √281. See Young.]

1. The quality or state of being young; youthfulness; juvenility. "In my flower of youth." Milton.

Such as in his face
Youth smiled celestial.

Milton.

2. The part of life that succeeds to childhood; the period of existence preceding maturity or age; the whole early part of life, from childhood, or, sometimes, from infancy, to manhood.

He wondered that your lordship
Would suffer him to spend his youth at home.

Shak.

Those who pass their youth in vice are justly condemned to spend their age in folly.

Rambler.

3. A young person; especially, a young man.

Seven youths from Athens yearly sent.

Dryden.

4. Young persons, collectively.

It is fit to read the best authors to youth first.

B. Jonson.

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Youth"ful (?), a. 1. Not yet mature or aged; young. "Two youthful knights." Dryden. Also used figuratively. "The youthful season of the year." Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to the early part of life; suitable to early life; as, youthful days; youthful sports. "Warm, youthful blood." Shak. "Youthful thoughts." Milton.

3. Fresh; vigorous, as in youth.

After millions of millions of ages . . . still youthful and flourishing.

Bentley.

Syn. -- Puerile; juvenile. -- Youthful, Puerile, Juvenile. Puerile is always used in a bad sense, or at least in the sense of what is suitable to a boy only; as, puerile objections, puerile amusements, etc. Juvenile is sometimes taken in a bad sense, as when speaking of youth in contrast with manhood; as, juvenile tricks; a juvenile performance. Youthful is commonly employed in a good sense; as, youthful aspirations; or at least by way of extenuating; as, youthful indiscretions. "Some men, imagining themselves possessed with a divine fury, often fall into toys and trifles, which are only puerilities." Dryden. "Raw, juvenile writers imagine that, by pouring forth figures often, they render their compositions warm and animated." Blair.

-- Youth"ful*ly, adv. -- Youth"ful*ness, n.

Youth"hood (?), n. [AS. geoguðhd. See Youth, and -hood.] The quality or state of being a youth; the period of youth. Cheyne.

Youth"ly, a. [AS. geoguðlic.] Young; youthful. [Obs.] "All my youthly days." Spenser.

Youth"some (?), a. Youthful. [Obs.] Pepys.

Youth"y (?), a. Young. [Obs.] Spectator.

Youze (?), n. [From a native East Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The cheetah.

Yow (?), pron. You. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Yowe (?), n. [See Ewe.] (Zoöl.) A ewe. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] G. Eliot.

Yowl (?), v. i. [See Yawl, v. i.] To utter a loud, long, and mournful cry, as a dog; to howl; to yell.

Yowl, n. A loud, protracted, and mournful cry, as that of a dog; a howl.

Yow"ley (?), n. [Cf. Yellow.] (Zoöl.) The European yellow-hammer. [Prov. Eng.]

Yox (?), v. i. See Yex. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Y*pight" (?), obs. p. p. of Pitch. See Pight.

Yp"o*cras (?), n. Hippocras. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Y"pres lace` (?). Fine bobbin lace made at Ypres in Belgium, usually exactly like Valenciennes lace.

Yp*sil"i*form (?), a. [Gr. &?; &?; the name of the letter &?; + -form.] (Biol.) Resembling the &?; in appearance; -- said of the germinal spot in the ripe egg at one of the stages of fecundation.

Yp"si*loid (?), a. (Anat.) In the form of the letter Y; Y-shaped.

Y*raft" (?), obs. p. p. of Reave. Bereft. Chaucer.

Yr"en (?), n. Iron. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Y*ron"ne (?), obs. p. p. of Run. Run. Chaucer.

Y*same" (?), adv. [See Same.] Together. [Obs.] "And in a bag all sorts of seeds ysame." Spenser.

{ Yt, Yt (t) }, an old method of printing that (AS. þæt, ðæt) the "y" taking the place of the old letter "thorn" (þ). Cf. Ye, the.

Y*throwe" (?), obs. p. p. of Throw. Chaucer.

Yt*ter"bic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, ytterbium; containing ytterbium.

Yt*ter"bi*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Ytterby, in Sweden. See Erbium.] (Chem.) A rare element of the boron group, sometimes associated with yttrium or other related elements, as in euxenite and gadolinite. Symbol Yb; provisional atomic weight 173.2. Cf. Yttrium.

Ytterbium is associated with other rare elements, and probably has not been prepared in a pure state.

Yt"tri*a (?), n. [NL. See Yttrium.] (Chem.) The oxide, Y₂O₃, or earth, of yttrium.

Yt"tric (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, yttrium.

Yt*trif"er*ous (?), a. Bearing or containing yttrium or the allied elements; as, gadolinite is one of the yttriferous minerals.

Yt"tri*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Same as Yttric.

Yt"tri*um (?), n. [NL., from Ytterby, in Sweden. See Erbium.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of the boron-aluminium group, found in gadolinite and other rare minerals, and extracted as a dark gray powder. Symbol Y. Atomic weight, 89. [Written also ittrium.]

Associated with yttrium are certain rare elements, as erbium, ytterbium, samarium, etc., which are separated in a pure state with great difficulty. They are studied by means of their spark or phosphorescent spectra. Yttrium is now regarded as probably not a simple element, but as a mixture of several substances.

Yt`tro-ce"rite (?), n. (Min.) A mineral of a violet-blue color, inclining to gray and white. It is a hydrous fluoride of cerium, yttrium, and calcium.

{ Yt`tro-co*lum"bite (?), Yt`tro-tan"ta*lite (?), } n. (Min.) A tantalate of uranium, yttrium, and calcium, of a brown or black color.

||Yu (?), n. [Chin.] (Min.) Jade.

Yuc"ca (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Flicker, n., 2.

||Yuc"ca (?), n. [NL., from Yuca, its name in St. Domingo.] (Bot.) A genus of American liliaceous, sometimes arborescent, plants having long, pointed, and often rigid, leaves at the top of a more or less woody stem, and bearing a large panicle of showy white blossoms.

The species with more rigid leaves (as Yucca aloifolia, Y. Treculiana, and Y. baccata) are called Spanish bayonet, and one with softer leaves (Y. filamentosa) is called bear grass, and Adam's needle.

Yucca moth (Zoöl.), a small silvery moth (Pronuba yuccasella) whose larvæ feed on plants of the genus Yucca.

Yuck (?), v. i. [Cf. G. jucken, D. yeuken, joken. See Itch.] To itch. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Yuck, v. t. To scratch. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Yuck"el (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Yockel.

Yu"en (?), n. (Zoöl.) The crowned gibbon (Hylobates pileatus), native of Siam, Southern China, and the Island of Hainan. It is entirely arboreal in its habits, and has very long arms. the males are dark brown or blackish, with a caplike mass of long dark hair, and usually with a white band around the face. The females are yellowish white, with a dark spot on the breast and another on the crown. Called also wooyen, and wooyen ape.

Yufts (?), n. [Russ. iufte.] Russia leather.

{ Yug (?), ||Yu"ga (?), } n. [Skr. yuga an age, a yoke. See Yoke.] (Hindoo Cosmog.) Any one of the four ages, Krita, or Satya, Treta, Dwapara, and Kali, into which the Hindoos divide the duration or existence of the world.

Yuke (?), v. i. & t. Same as Yuck. [Prov. Eng.]

Yu"lan (?), n. (Bot.) A species of Magnolia (M. conspicua) with large white blossoms that open before the leaves. See the Note under Magnolia.

Yule (?), n. [OE. yol, ol, AS. geól; akin to geóla December or January, Icel. jl Yule, Ylir the name of a winter month, Sw. jul Christmas, Dan. juul, Goth. jiuleis November or December. Cf. Jolly.] Christmas or Christmastide; the feast of the Nativity of our Savior.

And at each pause they kiss; was never seen such rule
In any place but here, at bonfire, or at Yule.

Drayton.

Yule block, or Yule log, a large log of wood formerly put on the hearth of Christmas eve, as the foundation of the fire. It was brought in with much ceremony. -- Yule clog, the yule log. Halliwell. W. Irving.

Yule"tide` (?), n. Christmas time; Christmastide; the season of Christmas.

Yu"mas (?), n. pl.; sing. Yuma (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians native of Arizona and the adjacent parts of Mexico and California. They are agricultural, and cultivate corn, wheat, barley, melons, etc.

The a wider sense, the term sometimes includes the Mohaves and other allied tribes.

||Yunx (yks), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'i`ygx the wryneck.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds comprising the wrynecks.

Yu"pon (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Yaupon.

Yux (?), n. & v. See Yex, n. [Obs.]

Y"vel (?), a. & adv. Evil; ill. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Y*war" (?), a. [See Aware.] Aware; wary. [Obs.] "Be ywar, and his way shun." Piers Plowman.

Y*wis" (?), adv. [OE. ywis, iwis, AS. gewis certain; akin to D. gewis, G. gewiss, and E. wit to know. See Wit to know, and Y-.] Certainly; most likely; truly; probably. [Obs. or Archaic]

"Ywis," quod he, "it is full dear, I say."

Chaucer.

She answered me, "I-wisse, all their sport in the park is but a shadow to that pleasure that I find in Plato."

Ascham.

A right good knight, and true of word ywis.

Spenser.

The common form iwis was often written with the prefix apart from the rest of the word and capitalized, as, I wis, I wisse, etc. The prefix was mistaken for the pronoun, I and wis, wisse, for a form of the verb wit to know. See Wis, and cf. Wit, to know.

Our ship, I wis,
Shall be of another form than this.

Longfellow.

Z.

Z (z; in England commonly, and in America sometimes, zd; formerly, also, z"zrd) Z, the twenty-sixth and last letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant. It is taken from the Latin letter Z, which came from the Greek alphabet, this having it from a Semitic source. The ultimate origin is probably Egyptian. Etymologically, it is most closely related to s, y, and j; as in glass, glaze; E. yoke, Gr. &?;, L. yugum; E. zealous, jealous. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 273, 274.

Za (?), n. (Min.) An old solfeggio name for B flat; the seventh harmonic, as heard in the or æolian string; -- so called by Tartini. It was long considered a false, but is the true note of the chord of the flat seventh. H. W. Poole.

{ Za"ba*ism (?), Za"bism (?) }, n. See Sabianism.

Za"bi*an (?), a. & n. See Sabian.

Zac"co (?), n. (Arch.) See Zocco.

||Za*chun" (?), n. (Bot.) An oil pressed by the Arabs from the fruit of a small thorny tree (Balanites Ægyptiaca), and sold to piligrims for a healing ointment. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

||Zaer"the (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Zärthe.

Zaf"fer (?), n. [F. zafre, safre; cf. Sp. zafra, safra, It. saffera, G. zaffer; all probably of Arabic origin. Cf. Zaphara.] A pigment obtained, usually by roasting cobalt glance with sand or quartz, as a dark earthy powder. It consists of crude cobalt oxide, or of an impure cobalt arseniate. It is used in porcelain painting, and in enameling pottery, to produce a blue color, and is often confounded with smalt, from which, however, it is distinct, as it contains no potash. The name is often loosely applied to mixtures of zaffer proper with silica, or oxides of iron, manganese, etc. [Written also zaffre, and formerly zaffree, zaffar, zaffir.]

||Zaim (?; 277), n. [Turk. & Ar. za'm.] A Turkish chief who supports a mounted militia bearing the same name. Smart.

||Zaim"et (?; 277), n. [Turk. & Ar. za'met.] A district from which a Zaim draws his revenue. Smart.

Zain (?), n. A horse of a dark color, neither gray nor white, and having no spots. Smart.

Za*lamb"do*dont (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a tribe (Zalambdodonta) of Insectivora in which the molar teeth have but one V-shaped ridge.

Za*lamb"do*dont, n. One of the Zalambdodonta. The tenrec, solenodon, and golden moles are examples.

||Za*mang" (?), n. (Bot.) An immense leguminous tree (Pithecolobium Saman) of Venezuela. Its branches form a hemispherical mass, often one hundred and eighty feet across. The sweet pulpy pods are used commonly for feeding cattle. Also called rain tree. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

Zam"bo (?), n.; pl. Zambos (#). [See Sambo.] The child of a mulatto and a negro; also, the child of an Indian and a negro; colloquially or humorously, a negro; a sambo.

||Za"mi*a (?), n. [L. zamia a kind of fir cone, from Gr. &?;, &?;, hurt, damage. See Plin. xvi. 44.] (Bot.) A genus of cycadaceous plants, having the appearance of low palms, but with exogenous wood. See Coontie, and Illust. of Strobile.

Zam`in*dar" (?), n. [Hind. zemndr, zamndr, a landholder, Per. zamndr; zamn land dr holding.] A landowner; also, a collector of land revenue; now, usually, a kind of feudatory recognized as an actual proprietor so long as he pays to the government a certain fixed revenue. [Written also zemindar.] [India]

{ Zam"in*da*ry (?), Zam"in*da*ri (?) }, n. The jurisdiction of a zamindar; the land possessed by a zamindar. [Written also zemindary, zemindari.]

Za"mite (?), n. (Paleon.) A fossil cycad of the genus Zamia.

Za*mouse" (?), n. [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) A West African buffalo (Bubalus brachyceros) having short horns depressed at the base, and large ears fringed internally with three rows of long hairs. It is destitute of a dewlap. Called also short-horned buffalo, and bush cow.

||Zam*po"gna (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) A sort of bagpipe formerly in use among Italian peasants. It is now almost obsolete. [Written also zampugna.]

Zan"der (?), n. [Cf. D. zand sand.] (Zoöl.) A European pike perch (Stizostedion lucioperca) allied to the wall-eye; -- called also sandari, sander, sannat, schill, and zant.

Zand"mole` (?), n. [Cf. D. zand sand. See Sand, and Mole the animal.] (Zoöl.) The sand mole.

Zan"te (?), n. (Bot.) See Zantewood.

Zan"te cur"rant (?). A kind of seedless grape or raisin; -- so called from Zante, one of the Ionian Islands.

Zan"te*wood` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A yellow dyewood; fustet; -- called also zante, and zante fustic. See Fustet, and the Note under Fustic. (b) Satinwood (Chloroxylon Swietenia).

Zan"ti*ot (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Zante, one of the Ionian Islands.

Za"ny (?), n.; pl. Zanies (#). [It. zanni a buffoon, merry- andrew, orig. same as Giovanni John, i. e., merry John, L. Ioannes, Gr. &?;, Heb. Ykhnn, prop., the Lord graciously gave: cf. F. zani, fr. the Italian. Cf. Jenneting.] A merry-andrew; a buffoon.

Then write that I may follow, and so be
Thy echo, thy debtor, thy foil, thy zany.

Donne.

Preacher at once, and zany of thy age.

Pope.

<! p. 1678 !>

Za"ny (?), v. t. To mimic. [Obs.]

Your part is acted; give me leave at distance
To zany it.

Massinger.

Za"ny*ism (?), n. State or character of a zany; buffoonery. Coleridge. H. Morley.

Zaph"a*ra (?), n. Zaffer.

||Za*phren"tis (?), n. [NL.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of cyathophylloid corals common in the Paleozoic formations. It is cup-shaped with numerous septa, and with a deep pit in one side of the cup.

Zap`o*til"la (?), n. (Bot.) See Sapodilla.

Zap"ti*ah (?), n. A Turkish policeman. [Written also zaptieh.]

{ Zar`a*thus"tri*an (?), Zar`a*thus"tric (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to Zarathustra, or Zoroaster; Zoroastrian. Tylor.

Zar`a*thus"trism (?), n. See Zoroastrianism.

Zar"a*tite (?), n. (Min.) [Named after Gen. Zarata of Spain.] A hydrous carbonate of nickel occurring as an emerald-green incrustation on chromite; -- called also emerald nickel.

||Za*re"ba (?), n. (Mil.) An improvised stockade; especially, one made of thorn bushes, etc. [Written also zareeba, and zeriba.] [Egypt]

"Ah," he moralizes, "what wonderful instinct on the part of this little creature to surround itself with a zareba like the troops after Osman Digma."

R. Jefferies.

Zar"nich (?), n. [F., fr. Ar. az- zernkh, fr. Gr. &?;. See Arsenic.] (Min.) Native sulphide of arsenic, including sandarach, or realgar, and orpiment.

||Zär"the (?), n. (Zoöl.) A European bream (Abramis vimba). [Written also zaerthe.]

||Za"ti (?), n. (Zoöl.) A species of macaque (Macacus pileatus) native of India and Ceylon. It has a crown of long erect hair, and tuft of radiating hairs on the back of the head. Called also capped macaque.

||Zau*schne"ri*a (?), n. [NL., named for M. Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of flowering plants. Zauschneria Californica is a suffrutescent perennial, with showy red flowers much resembling those of the garden fuchsia.

Zax (zks), n. A tool for trimming and puncturing roofing slates. [Written also sax.]

||Za"yat (?; 277), n. A public shed, or portico, for travelers, worshipers, etc. [Burmah]

||Ze"a (z"), n. [L., a kind of grain, fr. Gr. ze`a, zeia`; cf. Skr. yava barley.] (Bot.) A genus of large grasses of which the Indian corn (Zea Mays) is the only species known. Its origin is not yet ascertained. See Maize.

Zeal (zl), n. [F. zèle; cf. Pg. & It. zelo, Sp. zelo, celo; from L. zelus, Gr. &?;, probably akin to &?; to boil. Cf. Yeast, Jealous.]

1. Passionate ardor in the pursuit of anything; eagerness in favor of a person or cause; ardent and active interest; engagedness; enthusiasm; fervor. "Ambition varnished o'er with zeal." Milton. "Zeal, the blind conductor of the will." Dryden. "Zeal's never-dying fire." Keble.

I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge.

Rom. x. 2.

A zeal for liberty is sometimes an eagerness to subvert with little care what shall be established.

Johnson.

2. A zealot. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Zeal, v. i. To be zealous. [Obs. & R.] Bacon.

Zeal"ant (?), n. One who is zealous; a zealot; an enthusiast. [Obs.]

To certain zealants, all speech of pacification is odious.

Bacon.

Zealed (?), a. Full of zeal; characterized by zeal. [Obs.] "Zealed religion." Beau. & Fl.

Zeal"ful (?), a. Full of zeal. [R.] Sylvester.

Zeal"less (?), a. Wanting zeal. Hammond.

Zeal"ot (?), n. [F. zélote, L. zelotes, Gr. &?;. See Zeal.] One who is zealous; one who engages warmly in any cause, and pursues his object with earnestness and ardor; especially, one who is overzealous, or carried away by his zeal; one absorbed in devotion to anything; an enthusiast; a fanatical partisan.

Zealots for the one [tradition] were in hostile array against zealots for the other.

Sir J. Stephen.

In Ayrshire, Clydesdale, Nithisdale, Annandale, every parish was visited by these turbulent zealots.

Macaulay.

Zea*lot"ic*al (?), a. Like, or suitable to, a zealot; ardently zealous. [R.] Strype.

Zeal"ot*ism (?), n. The character or conduct of a zealot; zealotry.

Zeal"ot*ist, n. A zealot. [Obs.] Howell.

Zeal"ot*ry (?), n. The character and behavior of a zealot; excess of zeal; fanatical devotion to a cause.

Enthusiasm, visionariness, seems the tendency of the German; zeal, zealotry, of the English; fanaticism, of the French.

Coleridge.

Zeal"ous (?; 277), a. [LL. zelosus. See Zeal.]

1. Filled with, or characterized by, zeal; warmly engaged, or ardent, in behalf of an object.

He may be zealous in the salvation of souls.

Law.

2. Filled with religious zeal. [Obs.] Shak.

-- Zeal"ous*ly, adv. -- Zeal"ous*ness, n.

Ze"bec (?), n. (Naut.) See Xebec.

Ze"bra (?), n. [Pg. zebra; cf. Sp. cebra; probably from a native African name.] (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of South African wild horses remarkable for having the body white or yellowish white, and conspicuously marked with dark brown or brackish bands.

The true or mountain zebra (Equus, or Asinus, zebra) is nearly white, and the bands which cover the body and legs are glossy black. Its tail has a tuft of black hair at the tip. It inhabits the mountains of Central and Southern Africa, and is noted for its wariness and wildness, as well as for its swiftness. The second species (Equus, or Asinus, Burchellii), known as Burchell's zebra, and dauw, inhabits the grassy plains of South Africa, and differs from the preceding in not having dark bands on the legs, while those on the body are more irregular. It has a long tail, covered with long white flowing hair.

Zebra caterpillar, the larva of an American noctuid moth (Mamestra picta). It is light yellow, with a broad black stripe on the back and one on each side; the lateral stripes are crossed with withe lines. It feeds on cabbages, beets, clover, and other cultivated plants. -- Zebra opossum, the zebra wolf. See under Wolf. -- Zebra parrakeet, an Australian grass parrakeet, often kept as a cage bird. Its upper parts are mostly pale greenish yellow, transversely barred with brownish black crescents; the under parts, rump, and upper tail coverts, are bright green; two central tail feathers and the cheek patches are blue. Called also canary parrot, scallop parrot, shell parrot, and undulated parrot. -- Zebra poison (Bot.), a poisonous tree (Euphorbia arborea) of the Spurge family, found in South Africa. Its milky juice is so poisonous that zebras have been killed by drinking water in which its branches had been placed, and it is also used as an arrow poison. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). -- Zebra shark. Same as Tiger shark, under Tiger. -- Zebra spider, a hunting spider. -- Zebra swallowtail, a very large North American swallow-tailed butterfly (Iphiclides ajax), in which the wings are yellow, barred with black; -- called also ajax. -- Zebra wolf. See under Wolf.

Ze"bra*wood` (?), n. (a) A kind of cabinet wood having beautiful black, brown, and whitish stripes, the timber of a tropical American tree (Connarus Guianensis). (b) The wood of a small West Indian myrtaceous tree (Eugenia fragrans). (c) The wood of an East Indian tree of the genus Guettarda.

Ze"brine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the zebra.

Ze"bu (?), n. [&?;. zébu; of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) A bovine mammal (Ros Indicus) extensively domesticated in India, China, the East Indies, and East Africa. It usually has short horns, large pendulous ears, slender legs, a large dewlap, and a large, prominent hump over the shoulders; but these characters vary in different domestic breeds, which range in size from that of the common ox to that of a large mastiff.

Some of the varieties are used as beasts of burden, and some fore for riding, while others are raised for their milk and flesh. The Brahmin bull, regarded as sacred by the Hindoos, also belongs to this species. The male is called also Indian bull, Indian ox, Madras ox, and sacred bull.

Ze"bub (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large noxious fly of Abyssinia, which like the tsetse fly, is destructive to cattle.

Ze"chin (?; 277), n. See Sequin.

||Zech"stein` (?), n. [Gr., fr. zeche a mine + stein a stone.] (Geol.) The upper division of the Permian (Dyas) of Europe. The prevailing rock is a magnesian limestone.

Zed (?), n. [F., probably through It. zeta, fr. L. zeta. See Zeta.] The letter Z; -- called also zee, and formerly izzard. "Zed, thou unnecessary letter!" Shak.

Zed"o*a*ry (?), n. [F. zédoaire, LL. zedoaria; cf. It. zedoaria, zettovario, Pg. zedoaria, Sp. zedoaria, cedoaria; all fr. Ar. & Per. zedw&?;r.] (Med.) A medicinal substance obtained in the East Indies, having a fragrant smell, and a warm, bitter, aromatic taste. It is used in medicine as a stimulant.

It is the rhizome of different species of Curcuma, esp. C. zedoaria, and comes in short, firm pieces, externally of a wrinkled gray, ash-colored appearance, but within of a brownish red color. There are two kinds, round zedoary, and long zedoary.

||Zee"koe (?), n. [D., sea cow, lake cow.] (Zoöl.) A hippopotamus.

||Zeh"ner (?), n. [G.] An Austrian silver coin equal to ten kreutzers, or about five cents.

Ze"in (?), n. [Cf. F. zéïne. See Zea.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance of the nature of gluten, obtained from the seeds of Indian corn (Zea) as a soft, yellowish, amorphous substance. [Formerly written zeine.]

Zem`in*dar" (?), n. Same as Zamindar.

{ Zem"in*da*ry (?), ||Zem"in*da*ri (?) }, n. Same as Zamindary.

Zem"ni (?), n. (Zoöl.) The blind mole rat (Spalax typhlus), native of Eastern Europe and Asia. Its eyes and ears are rudimentary, and its fur is soft and brownish, more or less tinged with gray. It constructs extensive burrows.

||Ze*na"na (?), n. [Hind. zenna, zanna, fr. Per. zanna, fr. zan woman; akin to E. queen.] The part of a dwelling appropriated to women. [India]

Zend (?), n. [See Zend-Avesta.] Properly, the translation and exposition in the Huzvâresh, or literary Pehlevi, language, of the Avesta, the Zoroastrian sacred writings; as commonly used, the language (an ancient Persian dialect) in which the Avesta is written.

||Zend`-A*ves"ta (?), n. [Properly, the Avesta, or sacred text, and its zend, or interpretation, in a more modern and intelligible language. W. D. Whitney.] The sacred writings of the ancient Persian religion, attributed to Zoroaster, but chiefly of a later date.

||Zen"dik (?), n. [Ar. zandk.] An atheist or unbeliever; -- name given in the East to those charged with disbelief of any revealed religion, or accused of magical heresies.

Ze"nick (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South African burrowing mammal (Suricata tetradactyla), allied to the civets. It is grayish brown, with yellowish transverse stripes on the back. Called also suricat.

Ze"nik (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Zenick.

Ze"nith (?; 277), n. [OE. senyth, OF. cenith, F. zénith, Sp. zenit, cenit, abbrev. fr. Ar. samt-urras way of the head, vertical place; samt way, path + al the + ras head. Cf. Azimuth.]

1. That point in the visible celestial hemisphere which is vertical to the spectator; the point of the heavens directly overhead; -- opposed to nadir.

From morn
To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,
A summer's day; and with the setting sun
Dropped from the zenith, like a falling star.

Milton.

2. hence, figuratively, the point of culmination; the greatest height; the height of success or prosperity.

I find my zenith doth depend upon
A most auspicious star.

Shak.

This dead of midnight is the noon of thought,
And wisdom mounts her zenith with the stars.

Mrs. Barbauld.

It was during those civil troubles . . . this aspiring family reached the zenith.

Macaulay.

Zenith distance. (Astron.) See under Distance. -- Zenith sector. (Astron.) See Sector, 3. -- Zenith telescope (Geodesy), a telescope specially designed for determining the latitude by means of any two stars which pass the meridian about the same time, and at nearly equal distances from the zenith, but on opposite sides of it. It turns both on a vertical and a horizontal axis, is provided with a graduated vertical semicircle, and a level for setting it to a given zenith distance, and with a micrometer for measuring the difference of the zenith distances of the two stars.

Ze"nith*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the zenith. "The deep zenithal blue." Tyndall.

Ze"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; to boil + -lite: cf. F. zéolithe.] (Min.) A term now used to designate any one of a family of minerals, hydrous silicates of alumina, with lime, soda, potash, or rarely baryta. Here are included natrolite, stilbite, analcime, chabazite, thomsonite, heulandite, and others. These species occur of secondary origin in the cavities of amygdaloid, basalt, and lava, also, less frequently, in granite and gneiss. So called because many of these species intumesce before the blowpipe.

Needle zeolite, needlestone; natrolite.

Ze`o*lit"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a zeolite; consisting of, or resembling, a zeolite.

Ze`o*lit"i*form (?), a. Having the form of a zeolite.

Zeph"yr (?), n. [L. zephyrus, Gr. &?;, akin to &?; darkness, the dark side, west: cf. F. zéphyr.] The west wind; poetically, any soft, gentle breeze. "Soft the zephyr blows." Gray.

As gentle
As zephyrs blowing below the violet.

Shak.

Zephyr cloth, a thin kind of cassimere made in Belgium; also, a waterproof fabric of wool. -- Zephyr shawl, a kind of thin, light, embroidered shawl made of worsted and cotton. -- Zephyr yarn, or worsted, a fine, soft kind of yarn or worsted, - - used for knitting and embroidery.

||Zeph"y*rus (?), n. [L. See Zephyr.] The west wind, or zephyr; -- usually personified, and made the most mild and gentle of all the sylvan deities.

Mild as when Zephyrus on Flora breathes.

Milton.

Ze"quin (?), n. See Sequin.

||Zer"da (?), n. [Of African origin.] (Zoöl.) The fennec.

||Ze*ri"ba (?), n. (Mil.) Same as Zareba.

Ze"ro (?), n.; pl. Zeros (#) or Zeroes. [F. zéro, from Ar. çafrun, çifrun, empty, a cipher. Cf. Cipher.]

1. (Arith.) A cipher; nothing; naught.

2. The point from which the graduation of a scale, as of a thermometer, commences.

Zero in the Centigrade, or Celsius thermometer, and in the Réaumur thermometer, is at the point at which water congeals. The zero of the Fahrenheit thermometer is fixed at the point at which the mercury stands when immersed in a mixture of snow and common salt. In Wedgwood's pyrometer, the zero corresponds with 1077° on the Fahrenheit scale. See Illust. of Thermometer.

3. Fig.: The lowest point; the point of exhaustion; as, his patience had nearly reached zero.

Absolute zero. See under Absolute. -- Zero method (Physics), a method of comparing, or measuring, forces, electric currents, etc., by so opposing them that the pointer of an indicating apparatus, or the needle of a galvanometer, remains at, or is brought to, zero, as contrasted with methods in which the deflection is observed directly; -- called also null method. -- Zero point, the point indicating zero, or the commencement of a scale or reckoning.

<! p. 1679 !>

Zest (?), n. [F. zeste, probably fr. L. schistos split, cleft, divided, Gr. &?;, from &?; to split, cleave. Cf. Schism.]

1. A piece of orange or lemon peel, or the aromatic oil which may be squeezed from such peel, used to give flavor to liquor, etc.

2. Hence, something that gives or enhances a pleasant taste, or the taste itself; an appetizer; also, keen enjoyment; relish; gusto.

Almighty Vanity! to thee they owe
Their zest of pleasure, and their balm of woe.

Young.

Liberality of disposition and conduct gives the highest zest and relish to social intercourse.

Gogan.

3. The woody, thick skin inclosing the kernel of a walnut. [Obs.]

Zest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Zested; p. pr. & vb. n. Zesting.]

1. To cut into thin slips, as the peel of an orange, lemon, etc.; to squeeze, as peel, over the surface of anything.

2. To give a relish or flavor to; to heighten the taste or relish of; as, to zest wine. Gibber.

||Ze"ta (?), n. [L., from Gr. &?;. Cf. Zed.] A Greek letter [ζ] corresponding to our z.

Ze*tet"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to seek: cf. F. zététique.] Seeking; proceeding by inquiry.

Zetetic method (Math.), the method used for finding the value of unknown quantities by direct search, in investigation, or in the solution of problems. [R.] Hutton.

Ze*tet"ic, n. A seeker; -- a name adopted by some of the Pyrrhonists.

Ze*tet"ics (?), n. [See Zetetic, a.] (Math.) A branch of algebra which relates to the direct search for unknown quantities. [R.]

Zeu"glo*don (?), n. [Gr. &?; the strap or loop of a yoke + &?;, &?;, tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct Eocene whales, remains of which have been found in the Gulf States. The species had very long and slender bodies and broad serrated teeth. See Phocodontia.

Zeu"glo*dont (?), (Zoöl.) Any species of Zeuglodonta.

||Zeu`glo*don"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Phocodontia.

Zeug"ma (?), n. [L., from Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to yoke, join. See Yoke.] (Gram.) A figure by which an adjective or verb, which agrees with a nearer word, is, by way of supplement, referred also to another more remote; as, "hic illius arma, hic currus fuit;" where fuit, which agrees directly with currus, is referred also to arma.

Zeug*mat"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to zeugma; characterized by zeugma.

||Zeu`go*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to yoke + &?; a gill.] (Zoöl.) Same as Zygobranchia.

Zeus (?), n. (Gr. Myth.) The chief deity of the Greeks, and ruler of the upper world (cf. Hades). He was identified with Jupiter.

Zeu*ze"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of a group of bombycid moths of which the genus Zeuzera is the type. Some of these moths are of large size. The goat moth is an example.

Zey"lan*ite (?), n. (Min.) See Ceylanite.

{ Zib"et, Zib"eth } (?), n. [Cf. It. zibetto. See Civet.] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous mammal (Viverra zibetha) closely allied to the civet, from which it differs in having the spots on the body less distinct, the throat whiter, and the black rings on the tail more numerous.

It inhabits India, Southern China, and the East Indies. It yields a perfume similar to that of the civet. It is often domesticated by the natives, and then serves the same purposes as the domestic cat. Called also Asiatic, or Indian, civet.

Zie"ga (?), n. Curd produced from milk by adding acetic acid, after rennet has ceased to cause coagulation. Brande & C.

Zie`tri*si"kite (?), n. (Min.) A mineral wax, vert similar to ozocerite. It is found at Zietrisika, Moldavia, whence its name.

||Zif (?), n. [Heb. ziv.] The second month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, corresponding to our May.

{ Zig"ger, Zig"hyr } (?), v. i. (Mining) Same as Sicker. [Prov. Eng.] Raymond.

Zig"zag` (?), n. [F. zigzag, G. zickzack, from zacke, zacken, a dentil, tooth. Cf. Tack a small nail.]

1. Something that has short turns or angles.

The fanatics going straight forward and openly, the politicians by the surer mode of zigzag.

Burke.

2. (Arch.) A molding running in a zigzag line; a chevron, or series of chevrons. See Illust. of Chevron, 3.

3. (Fort.) See Boyau.

Zig"zag` (?), a. Having short, sharp turns; running this way and that in an onward course.

Zig"zag`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Zigzagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Zigzagging.] To form with short turns.

Zig"zag`, v. i. To move in a zigzag manner; also, to have a zigzag shape. R. Browning.

Zig"zag`ger*y (?), n. The quality or state of being zigzag; crookedness. [R.]

The . . . zigzaggery of my father's approaches.

Sterne.

Zig"zag`gy, a. Having sharp turns. Barham.

Zil"la (?), n. (Bot.) A low, thorny, suffrutescent, crucifeous plant (Zilla myagroides) found in the deserts of Egypt. Its leaves are boiled in water, and eaten, by the Arabs.

||Zil"lah (?), n. [Ar. zila.] A district or local division, as of a province. [India]

||Zimb (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large, venomous, two-winged fly, native of Abyssinia. It is allied to the tsetse fly, and, like the latter, is destructive to cattle.

Zim"ent-wa`ter (?), n. [G. cement- wasser. See Cement.] A kind of water found in copper mines; water impregnated with copper.

Zinc (zk), n. [G. zink, probably akin to zinn tin: cf. F. zinc, from the German. Cf. Tin.] (Chem.) An abundant element of the magnesium-cadmium group, extracted principally from the minerals zinc blende, smithsonite, calamine, and franklinite, as an easily fusible bluish white metal, which is malleable, especially when heated. It is not easily oxidized in moist air, and hence is used for sheeting, coating galvanized iron, etc. It is used in making brass, britannia, and other alloys, and is also largely consumed in electric batteries. Symbol Zn. Atomic weight 64.9. [Formerly written also zink.]

Butter of zinc (Old Chem.), zinc chloride, ZnCl₂, a deliquescent white waxy or oily substance. -- Oxide of zinc. (Chem.) See Zinc oxide, below. -- Zinc amine (Chem.), a white amorphous substance, Zn(NH₂)₂, obtained by the action of ammonia on zinc ethyl; -- called also zinc amide. -- Zinc amyle (Chem.), a colorless, transparent liquid, composed of zinc and amyle, which, when exposed to the atmosphere, emits fumes, and absorbs oxygen with rapidity. -- Zinc blende [cf. G. zinkblende] (Min.), a native zinc sulphide. See Blende, n. (a). -- Zinc bloom [cf. G. zinkblumen flowers of zinc, oxide of zinc] (Min.), hydrous carbonate of zinc, usually occurring in white earthy incrustations; -- called also hydrozincite. -- Zinc ethyl (Chem.), a colorless, transparent, poisonous liquid, composed of zinc and ethyl, which takes fire spontaneously on exposure to the atmosphere. -- Zinc green, a green pigment consisting of zinc and cobalt oxides; -- called also Rinmann's green. -- Zinc methyl (Chem.), a colorless mobile liquid Zn(CH₃)₂, produced by the action of methyl iodide on a zinc sodium alloy. It has a disagreeable odor, and is spontaneously inflammable in the air. It has been of great importance in the synthesis of organic compounds, and is the type of a large series of similar compounds, as zinc ethyl, zinc amyle, etc. -- Zinc oxide (Chem.), the oxide of zinc, ZnO, forming a light fluffy sublimate when zinc is burned; -- called also flowers of zinc, philosopher's wool, nihil album, etc. The impure oxide produced by burning the metal, roasting its ores, or in melting brass, is called also pompholyx, and tutty. -- Zinc spinel (Min.), a mineral, related to spinel, consisting essentially of the oxides of zinc and aluminium; gahnite. -- Zinc vitriol (Chem.), zinc sulphate. See White vitriol, under Vitriol. -- Zinc white, a white powder consisting of zinc oxide, used as a pigment.

Zinc, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Zincked or Zinced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Zincking or Zincing (&?;).] To coat with zinc; to galvanize.

Zinc"ane (?), n. (Chem.) Zinc chloride. [Obs.]

Zinc"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, containing, or resembling, zinc; zincous.

Zinc"ide (?), n. A binary compound of zinc. [R.]

Zinc*if"er*ous (?), a. [Zinc + -ferous.] Containing or affording zinc.

Zinc`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. The act or process of applying zinc; the condition of being zincified, or covered with zinc; galvanization.

Zinc"i*fy (?), v. t. [Zinc + - fy.] (Metal.) To coat or impregnate with zinc.

Zinc"ite (?), n. (Min.) Native zinc oxide; a brittle, translucent mineral, of an orange- red color; -- called also red zinc ore, and red oxide of zinc.

{Zinck"ing, or Zinc"ing (?) }, n. (Metal.) The act or process of applying zinc; galvanization.

Zinck"y (?), a. Pertaining to zinc, or having its appearance. [Written also zinky.]

Zin"co- (?). A combining form from zinc; in chemistry, designating zinc as an element of certain double compounds. Also used adjectively.

Zinc"ode (?), n. [Zinc + - ode, as in electrode.] (Elec.) The positive electrode of an electrolytic cell; anode. [R.] Miller.

Zin*cog"ra*pher (?), n. An engraver on zinc.

{ Zin`co*graph"ic (?), Zin`co*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to zincography; as, zincographic processes.

Zin*cog"ra*phy (?), n. [Zinco- + -graphy.] The art or process of engraving or etching on zinc, in which the design is left in relief in the style of a wood cut, the rest of the ground being eaten away by acid.

Zinc"oid (?), a. [Zinc + - oid.] Pertaining to, or resembling, zinc; -- said of the electricity of the zincous plate in connection with a copper plate in a voltaic circle; also, designating the positive pole. [Obs.]

Zin`co-po"lar (?), a. [Zinco- + polar.] (Elec.) Electrically polarized like the surface of the zinc presented to the acid in a battery, which has zincous affinity. [Obs.]

Zinc"ous (?), a. 1. (Chem.) (a) Of, pertaining to, or containing, zinc; zincic; as, zincous salts. (b) Hence, formerly, basic, basylous, as opposed to chlorous.

2. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the positive pole of a galvanic battery; electro-positive.

||Zin"ga*ro (?), n.; pl. Zingari (#). [It.] A gypsy.

Zing"el (zng"el), n. (Zoöl.) A small, edible, freshwater European perch (Aspro zingel), having a round, elongated body and prominent snout.

Zin`gi*ber*a"ceous (zn`j*br*"shs), a. [L. zingiber ginger. See Ginger.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to ginger, or to a tribe (Zingibereæ) of endogenous plants of the order Scitamineæ. See Scitamineous.

Zink (zk), n. (Chem.) See Zinc. [Obs.]

Zink"en*ite (-en*t), n. [From Zinken, director at one time of the Hanoverian mines.] (Min.) A steel-gray metallic mineral, a sulphide of antimony and lead.

Zink"y (?), a. See Zincky. Kirwan.

||Zin"ni*a (?), n. [NL. So called after Professor Zinn, of Göttingen.] (Bot.) Any plant of the composite genus Zinnia, Mexican herbs with opposite leaves and large gay-colored blossoms. Zinnia elegans is the commonest species in cultivation.

Zinn"wald*ite (?), n. [So called after Zinnwald, in Bohemia, where it occurs.] (Min.) A kind of mica containing lithium, often associated with tin ore.

Zin"sang (?), n. (Zoöl.) The delundung.

Zin`zi*ber*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Same as Zingiberaceous.

Zi"on (?), n. [Heb. tsy&?;n, originally, a hill.]

1. (Jewish Antiq.) A hill in Jerusalem, which, after the capture of that city by the Israelites, became the royal residence of David and his successors.

2. Hence, the theocracy, or church of God.

3. The heavenly Jerusalem; heaven.

Ziph"i*oid (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Xiphioid.

Zir"co- (?). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) designating zirconium as an element of certain double compounds; zircono-; as in zircofluoric acid, sodium zircofluoride.

Zir`co*flu"or*ide (?), n. (Chem.) A double fluoride of zirconium and hydrogen, or some other positive element or radical; as, zircofluoride of sodium.

Zir"con (?), n. [F., the same word as jargon. See Jargon a variety of zircon.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals, usually of a brown or gray color. It consists of silica and zirconia. A red variety, used as a gem, is called hyacinth. Colorless, pale-yellow or smoky- brown varieties from Ceylon are called jargon.

Zircon syenite, a coarse-grained syenite containing zircon crystals and often also elæolite. It is largely developed in Southern Norway.

Zir"co*na (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) Zirconia.

Zir"con*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of zirconic acid.

Zir*co"ni*a (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) The oxide of zirconium, obtained as a white powder, and possessing both acid and basic properties. On account of its infusibility, and brilliant luminosity when incandescent, it is used as an ingredient of sticks for the Drummomd light.

Zir*con"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, containing, or resembling, zirconium; as, zirconic oxide; zirconic compounds.

Zirconic acid, an acid of zirconium analogous to carbonic and silicic acids, known only in its salts.

Zir*co"ni*um (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) A rare element of the carbon-silicon group, intermediate between the metals and nonmetals, obtained from the mineral zircon as a dark sooty powder, or as a gray metallic crystalline substance. Symbol Zr. Atomic weight, 90.4.

Zir"co*no (?). See Zirco-.

Zir"con*oid (?), n. [Zircon + oid.] (Crystallog.) A double eight-sided pyramid, a form common with tetragonal crystals; -- so called because this form often occurs in crystals of zircon.

Zith"er (?), n. [G. zither. See Cittern.] (Mus.) An instrument of music used in Austria and Germany. It has from thirty to forty wires strung across a shallow sounding-board, which lies horizontally on a table before the performer, who uses both hands in playing on it. [Not to be confounded with the old lute-shaped cittern, or cithern.]

Zit"tern (?), n. (Min.) See Cittern.

||Zi*za"ni*a (?), n. [NL., from L. zizanium darnel, cockle, Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses including Indian rice. See Indian rice, under Rice.

Ziz"el (?), n. [G. ziesel.] (Zoöl.) The suslik. [Written also zisel.]

||Zo`an*tha"ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. zw^,on an animal + &?; flower.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Actinaria, including Zoanthus and allied genera, which are permanently attached by their bases.

||Zo`an*tha"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Anthozoa.

Zo`an*tha"ri*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Zoantharia. -- n. One of the Anthozoa.

Zo*an"tho*deme (?), n. [See Zoantharia, and Deme.] (Zoöl.) The zooids of a compound anthozoan, collectively.

Zo*an"thoid (?), a. [See Zoantharia, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Zoanthacea.

Zo*an"thro*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; animal + &?; man.] (Med.) A kind of monomania in which the patient believes himself transformed into one of the lower animals.

||Zo*an"thus (?), n. [NL. See Zoantharia.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Actinaria, including numerous species, found mostly in tropical seas. The zooids or polyps resemble small, elongated actinias united together at their bases by fleshy stolons, and thus forming extensive groups. The tentacles are small and bright colored.

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||Zo"bo (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A kind of domestic cattle reared in Asia for its flesh and milk. It is supposed to be a hybrid between the zebu and the yak.

{ Zoc"co (?), Zoc"co*lo (?), } n. [It. fr. L. socculus. See Socle, and cf. Zacco.] (Arch.) Same as Socle.

Zo"cle (?; 277), n. (Arch.) Same as Socle.

Zo"di*ac (?), n. [F. zodiaque (cf. It. zodiaco), fr. L. zodiacus, Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?;, dim. of zw^,on an animal, akin to &?; living, &?; to live.]

1. (Astron.) (a) An imaginary belt in the heavens, 16° or 18° broad, in the middle of which is the ecliptic, or sun's path. It comprises the twelve constellations, which one constituted, and from which were named, the twelve signs of the zodiac. (b) A figure representing the signs, symbols, and constellations of the zodiac.

2. A girdle; a belt. [Poetic & R.]

By his side,
As in a glistering zodiac, hung the sword.

Milton.

Zo*di"a*cal (?), a. [Cf. F. zodiacal.] (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the zodiac; situated within the zodiac; as, the zodiacal planets.

Zodiacal light, a luminous tract of the sky, of an elongated, triangular figure, lying near the ecliptic, its base being on the horizon, and its apex at varying altitudes. It is to be seen only in the evening, after twilight, and in the morning before dawn. It is supposed to be due to sunlight reflected from multitudes of meteoroids revolving about the sun nearly in the plane of the ecliptic.

||Zo"ë*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; life.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar larval stage of certain decapod Crustacea, especially of crabs and certain Anomura. [Written also zoæa.]

In this stage the anterior part of the body is relatively large, and usually bears three or four long spines. The years are conspicuous, and the antennæ and jaws are long, fringed organs used in swimming. The thoracic legs are undeveloped or rudimentary, the abdomen long, slender, and often without appendages. The zoëa, after casting its shell, changes to a megalops.

Zo"e*trope (?), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?; turning, from &?; to turn.] An optical toy, in which figures made to revolve on the inside of a cylinder, and viewed through slits in its circumference, appear like a single figure passing through a series of natural motions as if animated or mechanically moved.

||Zo"har (?), n. [Heb. zhar candor, splendor.] A Jewish cabalistic book attributed by tradition to Rabbi Simon ben Yochi, who lived about the end of the 1st century, a. d. Modern critics believe it to be a compilation of the 13th century. Encyc. Brit.

Zo"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to animals, or animal life.

Zo"ide (?), n. (Biol.) See Meride.

Zo*il"e*an (?), a. Having the characteristic of Zoilus, a bitter, envious, unjust critic, who lived about 270 years before Christ.

Zo"i*lism (?), n. Resemblance to Zoilus in style or manner; carping criticism; detraction.

Bring candid eyes the perusal of men's works, and let not Zoilism or detraction blast well-intended labors.

Sir T. Browne.

Zois"ite (?), n. [After its discoverer, Von Zois, an Austrian mineralogist.] (Min.) A grayish or whitish mineral occurring in orthorhombic, prismatic crystals, also in columnar masses. It is a silicate of alumina and lime, and is allied to epidote.

||Zo"kor (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Asiatic burrowing rodent (Siphneus aspalax) resembling the mole rat. It is native of the Altai Mountains.

||Zoll"ve*rein` (?), n. [G., from zoll duty + verein union.] Literally, a customs union; specifically, applied to the several customs unions successively formed under the leadership of Prussia among certain German states for establishing liberty of commerce among themselves and common tariff on imports, exports, and transit.

In 1834 a zollverein was established which included most of the principal German states except Austria. This was terminated by the events of 1866, and in 1867 a more closely organized union was formed, the administration of which was ultimately merged in that of the new German empire, with which it nearly corresponds territorially.

Zom"bo*ruk (?), n. (Mil.) See Zumbooruk.

||Zo"na (?), n.; pl. Zonæ (#). [L., a girdle. See Zone.] A zone or band; a layer.

Zona pellucida. [NL.] (Biol.) (a) The outer transparent layer, or envelope, of the ovum. It is a more or less elastic membrane with radiating striæ, and corresponds to the cell wall of an ordinary cell. See Ovum, and Illust. of Microscope. (b) The zona radiata. -- Zona radiata [NL.] (Biol.), a radiately striated membrane situated next the yolk of an ovum, or separated from it by a very delicate membrane only.

Zon"al (?), a. [L. zonalis.] Of or pertaining to a zone; having the form of a zone or zones.

Zonal equation (Crystallog.), the mathematical relation which belongs to all the planes of a zone, and expresses their common position with reference to the axes. -- Zonal structure (Crystallog.), a structure characterized by the arrangements of color, inclusions, etc., of a crystal in parallel or concentric layers, which usually follow the outline of the crystal, and mark the changes that have taken place during its growth. -- Zonal symmetry. (Biol.) See the Note under Symmetry.

Zo"nar (?), n. [Mod. Gr. &?; a girdle, fr. Gr. &?;, dim. of &?; a girdle. See Zone.] A belt or girdle which the Christians and Jews of the Levant were obliged to wear to distinguish them from Mohammedans. [Written also zonnar.]

||Zo*na"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Mammalia in which the placenta is zonelike.

Zon"ate (?), a. (Bot.) Divided by parallel planes; as, zonate tetraspores, found in certain red algæ.

Zone (zn), n. [F. zone, L. zona, Gr. zw`nh; akin to zwnny`nai to gird, Lith. jsta a girdle, jsti to gird, Zend yh.] 1. A girdle; a cincture. [Poetic]

An embroidered zone surrounds her waist.

Dryden.

Loose were her tresses seen, her zone unbound.

Collins.

2. (Geog.) One of the five great divisions of the earth, with respect to latitude and temperature.

The zones are five: the torrid zone, extending from tropic to tropic 46° 56, or 23° 28 on each side of the equator; two temperate or variable zones, situated between the tropics and the polar circles; and two frigid zones, situated between the polar circles and the poles.

Commerce . . . defies every wind, outrides every tempest, and invades.

Bancroft.

3. (Math.) The portion of the surface of a sphere included between two parallel planes; the portion of a surface of revolution included between two planes perpendicular to the axis. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.)

4. (Nat. Hist.) (a) A band or stripe extending around a body. (b) A band or area of growth encircling anything; as, a zone of evergreens on a mountain; the zone of animal or vegetable life in the ocean around an island or a continent; the Alpine zone, that part of mountains which is above the limit of tree growth.

5. (Crystallog.) A series of planes having mutually parallel intersections.

6. Circuit; circumference. [R.] Milton.

Abyssal zone. (Phys. Geog.) See under Abyssal. -- Zone axis (Crystallog.), a straight line passing through the center of a crystal, to which all the planes of a given zone are parallel.

Zone, v. t. To girdle; to encircle. [R.] Keats.

Zoned (?), a. 1. Wearing a zone, or girdle. Pope.

2. Having zones, or concentric bands; striped.

3. (Bot.) Zonate.

Zone"less (?), a. Not having a zone; ungirded.

The reeling goddess with the zoneless waist.

Cowper.

In careless folds, loose fell her zoneless vest.

Mason.

Zon"nar (?), n. See Zonar.

Zon"u*lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to a zone; zone-shaped. "The zonular type of a placenta." Dana.

Zon"ule (?), n. A little zone, or girdle.

Zon"u*let (?), n. A zonule. Herrick.

Zon"ure (?), n. [Zone + Gr. &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several of South African lizards of the genus Zonura, common in rocky situations.

Zo"ö- (?). A combining form from Gr. zwo^,n an animal, as in zoögenic, zoölogy, etc.

Zo`ö*chem"ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to zoöchemistry.

Zo`ö*chem"is*try (?), n. [Zoö- + chemistry.] Animal chemistry; particularly, the description of the chemical compounds entering into the composition of the animal body, in distinction from biochemistry.

Zo*öch"e*my (?), n. [Zoö- + Gr. &?; alchemy.] Animal chemistry; zoöchemistry. Dunglison.

||Zo`ö*chlo*rel"la (?), n. [NL., dim. from Gr. zw^,on an animal + &?; green.] (Zoöl.) One of the small green granulelike bodies found in the interior of certain stentors, hydras, and other invertebrates.

Zo"ö*cyst (?), n. [Zoö- + cyst.] (Biol.) A cyst formed by certain Protozoa and unicellular plants which the contents divide into a large number of granules, each of which becomes a germ.

||Zo`ö*cy"ti*um (?), n.; pl. Zoöcytia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. zw^,on an animal + &?; a hollow vessel.] (Zoöl.) The common support, often branched, of certain species of social Infusoria.

||Zo`ö*den"dri*um (?), n.; pl. Zoödendria (#). [NL., fr. Gr. zw^,on an animal + &?; a tree.] (Zoöl.) The branched, and often treelike, support of the colonies of certain Infusoria.

||Zo*œ"ci*um (?), n.; pl. Zoœcia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. zw^,on an animal + &?; house.] (Zoöl.) One of the cells or tubes which inclose the feeling zooids of Bryozoa. See Illust. of Sea Moss.

Zo`ö*e*ryth"rine (?), n. [Zoö- + Gr. &?; red.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar organic red coloring matter found in the feathers of various birds.

Zo*ög"a*mous (?), a. [Zoö- + Gr. &?; marriage.] (Biol.) Of or pertaining zoögamy.

Zo*ög"a*my (?), n. (Biol.) The sexual reproduction of animals.

Zo`ö*gen"ic (?), a. [Zoö- + -gen + -ic: cf. Gr. &?; born of an animal.] (Biol.) Of or pertaining to zoögeny, animal production.

{ Zo*ög"e*ny (?), Zo*ög"o*ny (?), } n. [Zoö- + root of Gr. &?; to be born, &?; offspring.] The doctrine of the formation of living beings.

Zo`ö*ge`o*graph"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to zoögraphy.

Zo`ö*ge*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Zoö- + geography.] The study or description of the geographical distribution of animals.

||Zo`ö*glœ"a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. zw^,on an animal + &?; any glutinous substance.] (Biol.) A colony or mass of bacteria imbedded in a viscous gelatinous substance. The zoöglœa is characteristic of a transitory stage through which rapidly multiplying bacteria pass in the course of their evolution. Also used adjectively.

Zo*ög"ra*pher (?), n. One who describes animals, their forms and habits.

{ Zo`ö*graph"ic (?), Zo`ö*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. zoographique.] Of or pertaining to the description of animals.

Zo*ög"ra*phist (?), n. A zoögrapher.

Zo*ög"ra*phy (?), n. [Zoö- + -graphy: cf. F. zoographie.] A description of animals, their forms and habits.

Zo"oid (?), a. [Zoö- + - oid.] (Biol.) Pertaining to, or resembling, an animal.

Zo"oid, n. 1. (Biol.) An organic body or cell having locomotion, as a spermatic cell or spermatozooid.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) An animal in one of its inferior stages of development, as one of the intermediate forms in alternate generation. (b) One of the individual animals in a composite group, as of Anthozoa, Hydroidea, and Bryozoa; -- sometimes restricted to those individuals in which the mouth and digestive organs are not developed.

Zo*oid"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a zooid; as, a zooidal form.

Zo*öl"a*try (?), n. [Zoö- + Gr. &?; worship.] The worship of animals.

Zo*öl"o*ger (?), n. A zoölogist. Boyle.

Zo`ö*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. zoologique.] Of or pertaining to zoölogy, or the science of animals.

Zo`ö*log"ic*al*ly, adv. In a zoölogical manner; according to the principles of zoölogy.

Zo*öl"o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. zoologiste.] One who is well versed in zoölogy.

Zo*öl"o*gy (?), n.; pl. Zoölogies (#). [Zoö- + - logy: cf. F. zoologie. See Zodiac.]

1. That part of biology which relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct.

2. A treatise on this science.

Zo`ö*mel"a*nin (?), n. [Zoö- + melanin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A pigment giving the black color to the feathers of many birds.

Zo`ö*mor"phic (?), a. [Zoö- + Gr. &?; form.] Of or pertaining to zoömorphism.

Zo`ö*mor"phism (?), n. 1. The transformation of men into beasts. [R.] Smart.

2. The quality of representing or using animal forms; as, zoömorphism in ornament.

3. The representation of God, or of gods, in the form, or with the attributes, of the lower animals.

To avoid the error of anthropomorphism, we fall into the vastly greater, and more absurd, error of zoömorphism.

Mivart.

||Zo"ön (?), n.; pl. Zoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) (a) An animal which is the sole product of a single egg; -- opposed to zooid. H. Spencer. (b) Any one of the perfectly developed individuals of a compound animal.

Zo*ön"ic (?), a. [Gr. zw^,on an animal: cf. F. zoonique.] Of or pertaining to animals; obtained from animal substances.

Zo"ö*nite (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the segments of the body of an articulate animal. (b) One of the theoretic transverse divisions of any segmented animal.

Zo*ön"o*my (?), n. [Zoö- + Gr. &?; a law: cf. F. zoonomie.] The laws of animal life, or the science which treats of the phenomena of animal life, their causes and relations.

Zo"ö*nule (?), n. [Dim. fr. Gr. zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) Same as Zoönite.

Zo`ö*pa*thol"o*gy (?), n. [Zoö- + pathology.] Animal pathology.

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||Zo*öph"a*ga (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; animal + &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.) An artificial group comprising various carnivorous and insectivorous animals.

Zo*öph"a*gan (?), n. (Zoöl.) A animal that feeds on animal food.

Zo*öph"a*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; zw^,on an animal + &?; to eat.] Feeding on animals.

This is a more general term than either sarcophagous or carnivorous.

Zo*öph"i*list (?), n. [Zoö- + Gr. &?; to love.] A lover of animals. Southey.

Zo*öph"i*ly (?), n. Love of animals.

Zo"ö*phite (?), n. A zoöphyte. [R.]

Zo`ö*phor"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; zw^,on an animal + &?; to bear; cf. F. zoophorique.] Bearing or supporting the figure of an animal; as, a zoöphoric column.

||Zo*öph"o*rous (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;. See Zoöphoric.] (Anc. Arch.) The part between the architrave and cornice; the frieze; -- so called from the figures of animals carved upon it.

||Zo*öph"y*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. zw^,on an animal + fyto`n a plant.] (Zoöl.) An extensive artificial and heterogeneous group of animals, formerly adopted by many zoölogists. It included the cœlenterates, echinoderms, sponges, Bryozoa, Protozoa, etc.

Sometimes the name is restricted to the Cœlentera, or to the Anthozoa.

Zo"ö*phyte (?), n. [F. zoophyte, Gr. &?;; zw^,on an animal + &?; plant, akin to &?; to be born, to be. See Zodiac, and Be, v. i.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of invertebrate animals which more or less resemble plants in appearance, or mode of growth, as the corals, gorgonians, sea anemones, hydroids, bryozoans, sponges, etc., especially any of those that form compound colonies having a branched or treelike form, as many corals and hydroids. (b) Any one of the Zoöphyta.

{ Zo`ö*phyt"ic (?), Zo`ö*phyt"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. zoophytique.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to zoöphytes.

Zo*öph"y*toid (?), a. [Zoöphyte + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a zoöphyte.

Zo`ö*phyt`o*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. zoophytologique.] Of or pertaining to zoöphytology; as, zoöphytological observations.

Zo*öph`y*tol"o*gy (?; 277), n. [Zoöphyte + -logy: cf. F. zoophytologie.] The natural history zoöphytes.

Zo`ö*prax"i*scope (?), n. [Zoö- + Gr. &?; a doing, an acting (from &?; to do) + - scope.] An instrument similar to, or the same as, the, the phenakistoscope, by means of which pictures projected upon a screen are made to exhibit the natural movements of animals, and the like.

Zo`ö*psy*chol"o*gy (?), n. [Zoö- + psychology.] Animal psychology.

Zo"ö*sperm (?), n. [Zoö- + sperm.] (Biol.) One of the spermatic particles; spermatozoid.

||Zo`ö*spo*ran"gi*um (?), n.; pl. -sporangia (#). [NL. See Zoö- , and Sporangium.] (Bot.) A spore, or conceptacle containing zoöspores.

Zo"ö*spore (?), n. [Zoö- + spore.]

1. (Bot.) A spore provided with one or more slender cilia, by the vibration of which it swims in the water. Zoöspores are produced by many green, and by some olive-brown, algæ. In certain species they are divided into the larger macrozoöspores and the smaller microzoöspores. Called also sporozoid, and swarmspore.

2. (Zoöl.) See Swarmspore.

Zo`ö*spor"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to zoöspores; of the nature of zoöspores.

Zo*öt"ic (?), a. [Gr. zw^,on an animal.] Containing the remains of organized bodies; -- said of rock or soil.

Zo`ö*tom"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. zootomique.] Of or pertaining to zoötomy.

Zo*öt"o*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. zootomiste.] One who dissects animals, or is skilled in zoötomy.

Zo*öt"o*my (?), n. [Zoö- + Gr. &?; to cut: cf. F. zootomie.] The dissection or the anatomy of animals; -- distinguished from androtomy.

Zo`ö*troph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;. See Zoö-, and Trophic.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the nourishment of animals.

Zoo"zoo` (?), n. [Of imitative origin.] (Zoöl.) The wood pigeon. [Prov. Eng.]

Zope (?), n. [G.] (Zoöl.) A European fresh-water bream (Abramis ballerus).

Zo"pi*lote (?), n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) The urubu, or American black vulture.

Zor"il (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Zorilla.

Zo*ril"la (?), n. [Sp. zorilla, zorillo, dim. of zorra, zorro, a fox: cf. F. zorille.] (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of small African carnivores of the genus Ictonyx allied to the weasels and skunks. [Written also zoril, and zorille.]

The best-known species (Ictonyx zorilla) has black shiny fur with white bands and spots. It has anal glands which produce a very offensive secretion, similar to that of the skunk. It feeds upon birds and their eggs and upon small mammals, and is often very destructive to poultry. It is sometimes tamed by the natives, and kept to destroy rats and mice. Called also mariput, Cape polecat, and African polecat. The name is sometimes erroneously applied to the American skunk.

Zo`ro*as"tri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Zoroaster, or his religious system.

Zo`ro*as"tri*an (?), n. A follower of Zoroaster; one who accepts Zoroastrianism.

Zo`ro*as"tri*an*ism (?), n. The religious system of Zoroaster, the legislator and prophet of the ancient Persians, which was the national faith of Persia; mazdeism. The system presupposes a good spirit (Ormuzd) and an opposing evil spirit (Ahriman). Cf. Fire worship, under Fire, and Parsee.

Zo`ro*as"trism (?), n. Same as Zoroastrianism. Tylor.

||Zos"ter (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; girdle, zoster. See Zone.] (Med.) Shingles.

||Zos"te*ra (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Naiadaceæ, or Pondweed family. Zostera marina is commonly known as sea wrack, and eelgrass.

||Zos"ter*ops (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; girdle + &?;, &?;, the eye.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds that comprises the white-eyes. See White-eye.

Zouave (?; 277), n. [F., fr. Ar. Zouaoua a tribe of Kabyles living among the Jurjura mountains in Algeria.] (Mil.) (a) One of an active and hardy body of soldiers in the French service, originally Arabs, but now composed of Frenchmen who wear the Arab dress. (b) Hence, one of a body of soldiers who adopt the dress and drill of the Zouaves, as was done by a number of volunteer regiments in the army of the United States in the Civil War, 1861-65.

Zounds (?), interj. [Contracted from God's wounds.] An exclamation formerly used as an oath, and an expression of anger or wonder.

Zoutch (?; 277), v. t. (Cookery) To stew, as flounders, eels, etc., with just enough or liquid to cover them. Smart.

Zubr (zbr), n. [Polish ubr.] (Zoöl.) The aurochs.

Zuche (zch), n. A stump of a tree. Cowell.

Zu*chet"to (?), n. [It. zucchetto.] (R. C. Ch.) A skullcap covering the tonsure, worn under the berretta. The pope's is white; a cardinal's red; a bishop's purple; a priest's black.

||Zu"fo*lo (?; 277), n. [It.] (Mus.) A little flute or flageolet, especially that which is used to teach birds. [Written also zuffolo.]

Zui"sin (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American widgeon. [Local, U. S.]

Zu"lus (z"lz), n. pl.; sing. Zulu (-l). (Ethnol.) The most important tribe belonging to the Kaffir race. They inhabit a region on the southeast coast of Africa, but formerly occupied a much more extensive country. They are noted for their warlike disposition, courage, and military skill.

Zum*boo"ruk (?), n. [Turk. & Ar. zambrak, fr. Ar. zambr a hornet.] (Mil.) A small cannon supported by a swiveled rest on the back of a camel, whence it is fired, -- used in the East.

Zu"mic (?), a., Zu`mo*log"ic*al (&?;), a., Zu*mol"o*gy (&?;), n., Zu*mom"e*ter (&?;), n., etc. See Zymic, Zymological, etc.

Zu"ñis (?), n. pl.; sing. Zuñi (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Pueblo Indians occupying a village in New Mexico, on the Zuñi River.

Zun"yite (?), n. (Min.) A fluosilicate of alumina occurring in tetrahedral crystals at the Zuñi mine in Colorado.

||Zwan"zi*ger (tsvän"ts*gr), n. [G.] An Austrian silver coin equivalent to 20 kreutzers, or about 10 cents.

||Zy*gan"trum (?), n.; pl. Zygantra (#). [Gr. zygo`n a yoke + &?; a cave, hole.] (Anat.) See under Zygosphene.

Zyg`a*poph"y*sis (?), n.; pl. Zygapophyses (#). [Gr. zygo`n a yoke + E. apophysis.] (Anat.) One of the articular processes of a vertebra, of which there are usually four, two anterior and two posterior. See under Vertebra. -- Zyg`ap*o*phys"i*al (#), a.

Zyg"e*nid (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?;, probably the hammer-headed shark.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of moths of the family Zygænidæ, most of which are bright colored. The wood nymph and the vine forester are examples. Also used adjectively.

||Zyg`o*bran"chi*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. zygo`n a yoke + &?; a gill.] (Zoöl.) A division of marine gastropods in which the gills are developed on both sides of the body and the renal organs are also paired. The abalone (Haliotis) and the keyhole limpet (Fissurella) are examples.

Zyg`o*bran"chi*ate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Zygobranchia.

{ Zyg`o*dac"tyl, Zyg`o*dac"tyle } (?), n. [See Zygodactylic.] (Zoöl.) Any zygodactylous bird.

||Zyg`o*dac"ty*læ (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The zygodactylous birds. In a restricted sense applied to a division of birds which includes the barbets, toucans, honey guides, and other related birds.

||Zyg`o*dac"ty*li (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scansores.

{ Zyg`o*dac"ty*lic (?), Zyg`o*dac"tyl*ous (?; 277), } a. [Gr. zygo`n a yoke, pair + &?; finger, toe: cf. F. zygodactyle.] (Zoöl.) Yoke-footed; having the toes disposed in pairs; -- applied to birds which have two toes before and two behind, as the parrot, cuckoo, woodpecker, etc.

||Zy*go"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to yoke, zygo`n a yoke.] (Anat.) (a) The jugal, malar, or cheek bone. (b) The zygomatic process of the temporal bone. (c) The whole zygomatic arch.

Zyg`o*mat"ic (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. zygomatique.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the zygoma.

Zygomatic arch, the arch of bone beneath the orbit, formed in most mammals by the union of the malar, or jugal, with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. In the lower vertebrates other bones may help to form it, and there may be two arches on each side of the skull, as in some reptiles. -- Zygomatic process, a process of the temporal or squamosal bone helping to form the zygomatic arch.

{ Zyg`o*mor"phic (?), Zyg`o*mor"phous (?), } a. [Gr. zygo`n a yoke + &?; form.] (Biol.) Symmetrical bilaterally; -- said of organisms, or parts of organisms, capable of division into two symmetrical halves only in a single plane.

Zyg"o*phyte (?), n. [Gr. zygo`n a yoke + fyto`n a plant.] (Bot.) Any plant of a proposed class or grand division (Zygophytes, Zygophyta, or Zygosporeæ), in which reproduction consists in the union of two similar cells. Cf. Oöphyte.

||Zy*go"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; balancing, fr. zygo`n yoke.] (Biol.) Same as Conjugation.

Zyg"o*sperm (?), n. [Gr. zygo`n a yoke + E. sperm.] (Bot.) A spore formed by the union of the contents of two similar cells, either of the same or of distinct individual plants. Zygosperms are found in certain orders of algæ and fungi.

Zyg"o*sphene (?), n. [Gr. zygo`n a yoke + &?; a wedge.] (Anat.) A median process on the front part of the neural arch of the vertebræ of most snakes and some lizards, which fits into a fossa, called the zygantrum, on the back part of the arch in front.

Zyg"o*spore (?), n. [Gr. zygo`n a yoke + E. spore.] (Bot.) (a) Same as Zygosperm. (b) A spore formed by the union of several zoöspores; -- called also zygozoöspore.

Zy"lon*ite (?), n. [Gr. &?; wood.] Celluloid.

Zym"ase (?), n. [From Zyme.] (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble ferment, or enzyme. See Enzyme.

Zyme (?), n. [Gr. &?; leaven.]

1. A ferment.

2. (Med.) The morbific principle of a zymotic disease. Quain.

Zym"ic (?), a. (Old Chem.) Pertaining to, or produced by, fermentation; -- formerly, by confusion, used to designate lactic acid.

Zym"o*gen (?), n. [Zyme + - gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) A mother substance, or antecedent, of an enzyme or chemical ferment; -- applied to such substances as, not being themselves actual ferments, may by internal changes give rise to a ferment.

The pancreas contains but little ready-made ferment, though there is present in it a body, zymogen, which gives birth to the ferment.

Foster.

Zym"o*gene (?), n. [Zyme + root of Gr. &?; to be born.] (Biol.) One of a physiological group of globular bacteria which produces fermentations of diverse nature; -- distinguished from pathogene.

Zym`o*gen"ic (?), a. (Biol.) (a) Pertaining to, or formed by, a zymogene. (b) Capable of producing a definite zymogen or ferment.

Zymogenic organism (Biol.), a microörganism, such as the yeast plant of the Bacterium lactis, which sets up certain fermentative processes by which definite chemical products are formed; -- distinguished from a pathogenic organism. Cf. Micrococcus.

{ Zy`mo*log"ic (?), Zy`mo*log"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. zymologique.] Of or pertaining to zymology.

Zy*mol"o*gist (?), n. One who is skilled in zymology, or in the fermentation of liquors.

Zy*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Zyme + - logy: cf. F. zymologie.] A treatise on the fermentation of liquors, or the doctrine of fermentation. [Written also zumology.]

Zy"mome (?), n. [Gr. &?; a fermented mixture.] (Old Chem.) A glutinous substance, insoluble in alcohol, resembling legumin; -- now called vegetable fibrin, vegetable albumin, or gluten casein.

{ Zy*mom"e*ter (?), Zy`mo*sim"e*ter (?), } n. [Gr. &?; ferment, or &?; fermentation + - meter: cf. F. zymosimètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the degree of fermentation occasioned by the mixture of different liquids, and the degree of heat which they acquire in fermentation.

Zym"o*phyte (?), n. [Zyme + Gr. fyto`n a plant.] (Physiol. Chem.) A bacteroid ferment.

Zy*mose" (?), n. (Chem.) Invertin.

||Zy*mo"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fermentation, fr. &?; ferment.] (Med.) (a) A fermentation; hence, an analogous process by which an infectious disease is believed to be developed. (b) A zymotic disease. [R.]

Zy*mot"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; causing to ferment, fr. &?; to ferment, &?; ferment, leaven.]

1. Of, pertaining to, or caused by, fermentation.

2. (Med.) Designating, or pertaining to, a certain class of diseases. See Zymotic disease, below.

Zymotic disease (Med.), any epidemic, endemic, contagious, or sporadic affection which is produced by some morbific principle or organism acting on the system like a ferment.

Zy"them (?), n. See Zythum.

Zy*thep"sa*ry (?), n. [Gr. &?; a kind of beer + &?; to boil.] A brewery. [R.]

||Zy"thum (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of beer; -- so called by the Egyptians.] A kind of ancient malt beverage; a liquor made from malt and wheat. [Written also zythem.]

================================================================ 1913 Supplementary Section: "New Words" ==================================================================

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A.

||A*ba"si*a (?), n. [NL.; Gr. &?;- not + &?; a step.] (Med.) Inability to coördinate muscular actions properly in walking. -- A*ba"sic (#), a.

||Ab"ge*ord`ne*ten*haus` (?), n. [G.] See Legislature, Austria, Prussia.

||A"bra (?), n. [Sp., a bay, valley, fissure.] A narrow pass or defile; a break in a mesa; the mouth of a cañon. [Southwestern U. S.]

Ab`re*ac"tion (?), n. [Pref. ab- + reaction, after G. Abreagirung.] (Psychotherapy) See Catharsis, below.

Ac`cla*ma"tion, n. In parliamentary usage, the act or method of voting orally and by groups rather than by ballot, esp. in elections; specif. (R. C. Ch.), the election of a pope or other ecclesiastic by unanimous consent of the electors, without a ballot.

Ace, n. A single point won by a stroke, as in handball, rackets, etc.; in tennis, frequently, a point won by a service stroke.

A*ce"qui*a (?), n. [Sp.] A canal or trench for irrigating land. [Sp. Amer.]

Ac"e*tol (?), n. [Acetic + - ol as in alcohol.] (Chem.) Methyl ketol; also, any of various homologues of the same.

||Ac`e*to*næ"mi*a, -ne"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL. See Acetone; Hæma-.] (Med.) A morbid condition characterized by the presence of acetone in the blood, as in diabetes.

||Ac`e*to*nu"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Acetone; Urine.] (Med.) Excess of acetone in the urine, as in starvation or diabetes.

Ac`e*to*phe"none (?), n. [Acetic + phenyl + one.] (Chem.) A crystalline ketone, CH₃COC₆H₅, which may be obtained by the dry distillation of a mixture of the calcium salts of acetic and benzoic acids. It is used as a hypnotic under the name of hypnone.

||A` che*val" (?). [F., lit., on horseback.] Astride; with a part on each side; -- used specif. in designating the position of an army with the wings separated by some line of demarcation, as a river or road.

A position à cheval on a river is not one which a general willingly assumes.

Swinton.

A*chro"ma*tous (?), a. [See Ahromatic.] Lacking, or deficient in, color; as, achromatous blood.

A*chro"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?; colorless; &?; priv. + &?; color.] Free from color; colorless; as, in Physiol. Chem., the achromic point of a starch solution acted upon by an amylolytic enzyme is the point at which it fails to give any color with iodine.

Ac"id proc"ess. (Iron Metal.) That variety of either the Bessemer or the open-hearth process in which the converter or hearth is lined with acid, that is, highly siliceous, material. Opposed to basic process.

Ac`o*nit"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pert. to or designating a crystalline tribasic acid, &?;, obtained from aconite and other plants. It is a carboxyl derivative of itaconic acid.

Ac*tin"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -gram.] A record made by the actinograph.

||Ac`ti*no*my*co"sis (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) A chronic infectious disease of cattle and man due to the presence of Actinomyces bovis. It causes local suppurating tumors, esp. about the jaw. Called also lumpy jaw or big jaw. -- Ac`ti*no*my*cot"ic (#), a.

Ac*tin"o*phone (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + &?; voice.] (Physics) An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of the actinic, or ultraviolet, rays.

Ac*tin`o*phon"ic (?), a. (Physics) Pertaining to, or causing the production of, sound by means of the actinic, or ultraviolet, rays; as, actinophonic phenomena.

Ac`u*tor"sion (?), n. [L. acus needle + torsion.] (Med.) The twisting of an artery with a needle to arrest hemorrhage.

A*cyc"lic (?), a. [Pref. a- not + cyclic.] Not cyclic; not disposed in cycles or whorls; as: (a) (Bot.) Of a flower, having its parts inserted spirally on the receptacle. (b) (Org. Chem.) Having an open-chain structure; aliphatic.

Ac"yl (?), n. [Acid + - yl.] (Org. Chem.) An acid radical, as acetyl, malonyl, or benzoyl.

Ad*dress", v. t. -- To address the ball (Golf), to take aim at the ball, adjusting the grip on the club, the attitude of the body, etc., to a convenient position.

Ad"e*noid (?), n. (Med.) A swelling produced by overgrowth of the adenoid tissue in the roof of the pharynx; -- usually in pl.

||Ad`e*no"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -mata (#). [NL.; adeno- + -oma.] (Med.) A benign tumor of a glandlike structure; morbid enlargement of a gland. -- Ad`e*nom"a*tous (&?;), a.

Ad"e*nop"a*thy (?), n. [Adeno- + Gr. &?; suffering, &?; to suffer.] (Med.) Disease of a gland.

||Ad"e*no*scle*ro"sis (?), n. [NL.; adeno- + sclerosis.] (Med.) The hardening of a gland.

A"den ul"cer (?). [So named after Aden, a seaport in Southern Arabia, where it occurs.] (Med.) A disease endemic in various parts of tropical Asia, due to a specific microörganism which produces chronic ulcers on the limbs. It is often fatal. Called also Cochin China ulcer, Persian ulcer, tropical ulcer, etc.

||A`dios" (?), interj. [Sp., fr. L. ad to + deus god. Cf. Adieu.] Adieu; farewell; good-by; -- chiefly used among Spanish-speaking people.

This word is often pronounced å*d"s, but the Spanish accent, though weak, is on the final syllable.

Ad`i*pog"e*nous (?), a. [See Adipose; -genous.] (Med.) Producing fat.

||Ad`i*pol"y*sis (?), n. [NL.; L. adeps, adipis, fat + Gr. &?; a loosing.] (Physiol.) The digestion of fats.

Ad`i*po*lyt"ic (?), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + Gr. &?; to loose.] (Chem.) Hydrolyzing fats; converting neutral fats into glycerin and free fatty acids, esp. by the action of an enzyme; as, adipolytic action.

||Ad`i*po"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -mata (#). [NL. See Adipose; -oma.] (Med.) A mass of fat found internally; also, a fatty tumor. -- Ad`i*pom"a*tous (&?;), a.

Ad"i*pose` (?), n. (Physiol.) The fat present in the cells of adipose tissue, composed mainly of varying mixtures of tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein. It solidifies after death.

{ Adjusting plane or surface. } (Aëronautics) A small plane or surface, usually capable of adjustment but not of manipulation, for preserving lateral balance in an aëroplane or flying machine.

Ad*mit"tance, n. (Elec.) The reciprocal of impedance.

||A*do"be (?), n. 1. Earth from which unburnt bricks are made. [Western U. S.]

2. (Geol.) Alluvial and playa clays of desert and arid regions, differing from ordinary clays of humid regions in containing carbonates and other soluble minerals.

||Ad`o*na"i (?), n. [Heb. adni, lit., my lord.] A Hebrew name for God, usually translated in the Old Testament by the word "Lord".

The later Jews used its vowel points to fill out the tetragrammaton Yhvh, or Ihvh, "the incommunicable name," and in reading substituted "Adonai".

Ad*re"nal*ine (?), n. Also Ad*re"nal*in (&?;). (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline substance, C₉H₁₃O₃N, obtained from suprarenal extract, of which it is regarded as the active principle. It is used in medicine as a stimulant and hemostatic.

Ad*su"ki bean (?). [Jap. adzuki.] A cultivated variety of the Asiatic gram, now introduced into the United States.

Ad"u*rol (?), n. (Photog.) Either of two compounds, a chlorine derivative and bromine derivative, of hydroquinone, used as developers.

Ad*van"cing edge. (Aëronautics) The front edge (in direction of motion) of a supporting surface; -- contr. with following edge, which is the rear edge.

Ad*van"cing sur"face. (Aëronautics) The first of two or more surfaces arranged in tandem; -- contr. with following surface, which is the rear surface.

Æ*ol"ic, a. [L. Aeolus, Gr. &?;, name of the god of the winds.] (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to, caused by, or designating, the action of the wind in modifying the earth's surface; as, æolic erosion; æolic sand. [Written also eolic.]

A"ër*a`tor (?), n. That which supplies with air or gas; specif.: (a) An apparatus used for charging mineral waters with gas and in making soda water. (b) A fumigator used to bleach grain, destroying fungi and insects.

{ A"ër*en`chym (?), ||A`ër*en"chy*ma (?) }, n. [NL. aërenchyma. See Aëro-; Enchyma.] (Bot.) A secondary respiratory tissue or modified periderm, found in many aquatic plants and distinguished by the large intercellular spaces.

A*ë`ri*al rail"way`. (a) A stretched wire or rope elevated above the ground and forming a way along which a trolley may travel, for conveying a load suspended from the trolley. (b) An elevated cableway.

A*ë"ri*al sick"ness. A sickness felt by aëronauts due to high speed of flights and rapidity in changing altitudes, combining some symptoms of mountain sickness and some of seasickness.

A"ër*o (?), n. An aëroplane, airship, or the like. [Colloq.]

A`ër*o"bic (?), a. (Biol.) Growing or thriving only in the presence of oxygen; also, pertaining to, or induced by, aërobies; as, aërobic fermentation. -- A`ër*o"bic*al*ly (#), adv.

A"ër*o*boat` (?), n. [Aëro- + boat.] A form of hydro- aëroplane; a flying boat.

A"ër*o*bus` (?), n. [Aëro- + bus.] An aëroplane or airship designed to carry passengers.

A"ër*o*club` (?), n. [Aëro- + club.] A club or association of persons interested in aëronautics.

A"ër*o*curve` (?), n. [Aëro- + curve.] (Aëronautics) A modification of the aëroplane, having curved surfaces, the advantages of which were first demonstrated by Lilienthal.

A`ë*ro*do*net"ics (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; shaken, &?; to shake.] (Aëronautics) The science of gliding and soaring flight.

A"ë*ro*drome` (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; a running.] (Aëronautics) (a) A shed for housing an airship or aëroplane. (b) A ground or field, esp. one equipped with housing and other facilities, used for flying purposes. -- A`ër*o*drom"ic (#), a.

A"ër*o*foil` (?), n. [Aëro- + foil.] A plane or arched surface for sustaining bodies by its movement through the air; a spread wing, as of a bird.

A"ër*o*gun` (?), n. [Aëro- + gun.] A cannon capable of being trained at very high angles for use against aircraft.

A`ër*o*me*chan"ic (?), n. A mechanic or mechanician expert in the art and practice of aëronautics.

{ A`ër*o*me*chan"ic (?), A`ër*o*me*chan"ical (?) }, a. Of or pert. to aëromechanics.

A`ër*o*me*chan"ics (?), n. The science of equilibrium and motion of air or an aëriform fluid, including aërodynamics and aërostatics.

A"ër*o*nat` (?), n. [F. aéronat. See Aëro-; Natation.] A dirigible balloon.

A"ër*o*nef` (?), n. [F. aéronef.] A power-driven, heavier-than-air flying machine.

A"ër*o*phone` (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; voice.] (a) A form of combined speaking and ear trumpet. (b) An instrument, proposed by Edison, for greatly intensifying speech. It consists of a phonograph diaphragm so arranged that its action opens and closes valves, producing synchronous air blasts sufficient to operate a larger diaphragm with greater amplitude of vibration.

A"ër*o*plane` (?), n. [Aëro- + plane.] (Aëronautics) A light rigid plane used in aërial navigation to oppose sudden upward or downward movement in the air, as in gliding machines; specif., such a plane slightly inclined and driven forward as a lifting device in some flying machines; hence, a flying machine using such a device. These machines are called monoplanes, biplanes, triplanes, or quadruplanes, according to the number of main supporting planes used in their constraction. Being heavier than air they depend for their levitation on motion imparted by one or more propellers actuated by a gasoline engine. They start from the ground by a run on small wheels or runners, and are guided by a steering apparatus consisting of horizontal and vertical movable planes. There are many varieties of form and construction, which in some cases are known by the names of their inventors.

A"ër*o*plan`ist (?), n. One who flies in an aëroplane.

A"ër*o*stat (?), n. (Aëronautics) A passive balloon; a balloon without motive power.

A`ër*o*sta"tion (?), n. That part of aëronautics that deals with passive balloons.

||A"ër*o*tax`is (?), n. [NL. See Aëro-; Taxis.] (Bacteriology) The positive or negative stimulus exerted by oxygen on aërobic and anaërobic bacteria. -- A`ër*o*tac"tic (#), a.

A`ër*o*ther`a*pen"tics (?), n. [Aëro- + therapeutics.] (Med.) Treatment of disease by the use of air or other gases.

A"ër*o*yacht` (?), n. [Aëro- + yacht.] A form of hydro- aëroplane; a flying boat.

||Æ"sir (?), n. pl. [Icel., pl. of ss god.] In the old Norse mythology, the gods Odin, Thor, Loki, Balder, Frigg, and the others. Their home was called Asgard.

Af*fect" (?), n. (Psychotherapy) The emotional complex associated with an idea or mental state. In hysteria, the affect is sometimes entirely dissociated, sometimes transferred to another than the original idea.

||Af`fiche" (?), n. [F., fr. afficher to affix.] A written or printed notice to be posted, as on a wall; a poster; a placard.

Af"fri*cate (?), n. [L. affricatus, p. p. of affricare to rub against; af- = ad- + fricare to rub.] (Phon.) A combination of a stop, or explosive, with an immediately following fricative or spirant of corresponding organic position, as pf in german Pfeffer, pepper, z (= ts) in German Zeit, time.

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A*float", adv. & a. Covered with water bearing floating articles; flooded; as, the decks are afloat.

A. F. of L. (Abbrev.) American Federation of Labor.

Aft"er*sen*sa`tion (?), n. (Psychol.) A sensation or sense impression following the removal of a stimulus producing a primary sensation, and reproducing the primary sensation in positive, negative, or complementary form. The aftersensation may be continuous with the primary sensation or follow it after an interval.

A`gar-a"gar (?), n. A gelatinlike substance, or a solution of it, prepared from certain seaweeds containing gelose, and used in the artificial cultivation of bacteria; -- often called agar, by abbreviation.

Age, n. In poker, the right belonging to the player to the left of the dealer to pass the first round in betting, and then to come in last or stay out; also, the player holding this position; the eldest hand.

Ag*grade" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrading.] (Phys. Geog.) To bring, or tend to bring, to a uniform grade, or slope, by addition of material; as, streams aggrade their beds by depositing sediment.

||Ag"nus Scyth"i*cus (?). [L., Scythian lamb.] (Bot.) The Scythian lamb, a kind of woolly-skinned rootstock. See Barometz.

Ag"ro*tech`ny (?), n. [Gr. &?; field, land + &?; an art.] That branch of agriculture dealing with the methods of conversion of agricultural products into manufactured articles; agricultural technology.

Ai"le*ron (?), n. [F., dim. of aile wing.] 1. A half gable, as at the end of a penthouse or of the aisle of a church.

2. (Aëronautics) A small plane or surface capable of being manipulated by the pilot of a flying machine to preserve or destroy lateral balance; a hinged wing tip; a lateral stabilizing or balancing plane.

Air brush. A kind of atomizer for applying liquid coloring matter in a spray by compressed air.

Air cooling. In gasoline-engine motor vehicles, the cooling of the cylinder by increasing its radiating surface by means of ribs or radiators, and placing it so that it is exposed to a current of air. Cf. Water cooling. -- Air"- cooled`, a.

Air"craft` (?), n. sing. & pl. Any device, as a balloon, aëroplane, etc., for floating in, or flying through, the air.

Air gap. (Physics) An air-filled gap in a magnetic or electric circuit; specif., in a dynamo or motor, the space between the field-magnet poles and the armature; clearance.

Air hole. (Aëronautics) A local region in the atmosphere having a downward movement and offering less than normal support for the sustaining surfaces of a flying machine.

Air line. A path through the air made easy for aërial navigation by steady winds.

Air"man (?), n. A man who ascends or flies in an aircraft; a flying machine pilot.

Air"man*ship (?), n. Art, skill, or ability in the practice of aërial navigation.

Air"ol (?), n. (Pharm.) A grayish green antiseptic powder, consisting of a basic iodide and gallate of bismuth, sometimes used in place of iodoform. [A Trademark]

Air`sick` (?), a. Affected with aërial sickness. -- Air"sick`ness, n.

Air"wom`an (?), n. A woman who ascends or flies in an aircraft.

||Aj"a*va (?), n. (Bot.) See Ajouan.

{ ||Aj"ou*an ||Aj"ow*an } (?), n. [Written also ajwain.] [Prob. native name.] (Bot.) The fruit of Ammi Copticum, syn. Carum Ajowan, used both as a medicine and as a condiment. An oil containing thymol is extracted from it. Called also Javanee seed, Javanese seed, and ajava.

||A*la"li*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; a talking; cf. &?; speechless.] (Med.) Inability to utter articulate sounds, due either to paralysis of the larynx or to that form of aphasia, called motor, or ataxis, aphasia, due to loss of control of the muscles of speech.

Al"bert ware. A soft ornamental terra-cotta pottery, sold in the biscuit state for decorating.

Alb Sunday. (Eccl.) The first Sunday after Easter Sunday, properly Albless Sunday, because in the early church those who had been baptized on Easter eve laid aside on the following Saturday their white albs which had been put on after baptism.

||Al*bu`mi*no"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. E. albumin.] (Med.) A morbid condition due to excessive increase of albuminous elements in the blood.

Al*cade" (?), n. Var. of Alcaid.

||Al`cal*di"a (?), n. [Sp. Alcaldía.] The jurisdiction or office of an alcalde; also, the building or chamber in which he conducts the business of his office.

||Al`cor*no"que (?), n. [Sp., cork tree.] The bark of several trees, esp. of Bowdichia virgilioides of Brazil, used as a remedy for consumption; of Byrsonima crassifolia, used in tanning; of Alchornea latifolia, used medicinally; or of Quercus ilex, the cork tree.

Al"der fly. 1. Any of numerous neuropterous insects of the genus Sialis or allied genera. They have aquatic larvæ, which are used for bait.

2. (Angling) An artificial fly with brown mottled wings, body of peacock harl, and black legs.

Al"dol (?), n. [Aldehyde + - ol as in alcohol.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, C₄H₈O₂, obtained by condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde: CH3CHO + CH3CHO = H3CH(OH)CH2CO; also, any of various derivatives of this. The same reaction has been applied, under the name of aldol condensation, to the production of many compounds.

||Al"em (?), n. [Turk. 'alem, fr. Ar. 'alam.] (Mil.) The imperial standard of the Turkish Empire.

{ A*lep"po boil, button, or evil }. (Med.) A chronic skin affection terminating in an ulcer, most commonly of the face. It is endemic along the Mediterranean, and is probably due to a specific bacillus. Called also Aleppo ulcer, Biskara boil, Delhi boil, Oriental sore, etc.

Aleppo grass. (Bot.) One of the cultivated forms of Andropogon Halepensis (syn. Sorghum Halepense). See Andropogon, below.

A*leu"ro*nat (?), n. [See Aleurone.] Flour made of aleurone, used as a substitute for ordinary flour in preparing bread for diabetic persons.

||A*lex"i*a (?), n. [NL.; a- not + Gr. &?; speech, fr. &?; to speak, confused with L. legere to read.] (Med.) (a) As used by some, inability to read aloud, due to brain disease. (b) More commonly, inability, due to brain disease, to understand written or printed symbols although they can be seen, as in case of word blindness.

{ ||Al*fil`e*ri"a , ||Al*fil`e*ril"la } (?), n. [Mex. Sp., fr. Sp. alfiler pin.] Same as Alfilaria.

||Al*for"ja (?), n. [Also alfarga, alforge.] [Sp.] A saddlebag. [Sp. Amer.]

Al"gin (?), n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance resembling gelatin, obtained from certain algæ.

Al*gom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; pain + -meter.] (Psychol.) An instrument for measuring sensations of pain due to pressure. It has a piston rod with a blunted tip which is pressed against the skin. -- Al*gom"e*try (#), n. -- Al`go*met"ric (#), *met"ric*al (#), a. -- Al`go*met"ric*al*ly, adv.

Al*gon"ki*an (?), a. 1. Var. of Algonquian.

2. (Geol.) Pertaining to or designating a period or era recognized by the United States Geological Survey and some other authorities, between the Archæan and the Paleozoic, from both of which it is generally separated in the record by unconformities. Algonkian rocks are both sedimentary and igneous. Although fossils are rare, life certainly existed in this period. -- n. The Algonkian period or era, or system or group of systems.

Al*gon"qui*an (?), a. Pertaining to or designating the most extensive of the linguistic families of North American Indians, their territory formerly including practically all of Canada east of the 115th meridian and south of Hudson's Bay and the part of the United States east of the Mississippi and north of Tennessee and Virginia, with the exception of the territory occupied by the northern Iroquoian tribes. There are nearly 100,000 Indians of the Algonquian tribes, of which the strongest are the Ojibwas (Chippewas), Ottawas, Crees, Algonquins, Micmacs, and Blackfeet. -- n. An Algonquian Indian.

Al`i*phat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, oil, fat.] (Org. Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, fat; fatty; -- applied to compounds having an openc-hain structure. The aliphatic compounds thus include not only the fatty acids and other derivatives of the paraffin hydrocarbons, but also unsaturated compounds, as the ethylene and acetylene series.

Al"ka*li (?), n. Soluble mineral matter, other than common salt, contained in soils of natural waters. [Western U. S.]

Alkali flat. A sterile plain, containing an excess of alkali, at the bottom of an undrained basin in an arid region; a playa.

Alkali soil. Any one of various soils found in arid and semiarid regions, containing an unusual amount of soluble mineral salts which effloresce in the form of a powder or crust (usually white) in dry weather following rains or irrigation. The basis of these salts is mainly soda with a smaller amount of potash, and usually a little lime and magnesia. Two main classes of alkali are commonly distinguished: black alkali, which may be any alkaline carbonate, but which practically consists of sodium carbonate (sal soda), which is highly corrosive and destructive to vegetation; and white alkali, characterized by the presence of sodium sulphate (Glauber's salt), which is less injurious to vegetation. Black alkali is so called because water containing it dissolves humus, forming a dark-colored solution which, when it collects in puddles and evaporates, produces characteristic black spots.

Alkali waste. Waste material from the manufacture of alkali; specif., soda waste.

Al`le*ghe"ni*an (?), a. Also Al`le*gha"ni*an. (Biogeography) Pertaining to or designating the humid division of the Transition zone extending across the northern United States from New England to eastern Dakota, and including also most of Pennsylvania and the mountainous region as far south as northern Georgia.

Al"le*ghe`ny (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Allegheny Mountains, or the region where they are situated. Also Al"le*gha`ny.

2. [From the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania.] (Geol.) Pertaining to or designating a subdivision of the Pennsylvanian coal measure.

Al*le"lo*morph (?), n. [Gr. &?; of one another + Gr. &?; form.] (Biol.) One of the pure unit characters commonly existing singly or in pairs in the germ cells of Mendelian hybrids, and exhibited in varying proportion among the organisms themselves. Allelomorphs which under certain circumstances are themselves compound are called hypallelomorphs. See Mendel's law. -- Al*le`lo*mor"phic (#), a.

As we know that the several unit characters are of such a nature that any one of them is capable of independently displacing or being displaced by one or more alternative characters taken singly, we may recognize this fact by naming such characters allelomorphs.

Bateson.

Al"li*ga`tor wrench. (Mech.) A kind of pipe wrench having a flaring jaw with teeth on one side.

Al`lo*troph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; other + trophic.] (a) (Physiol.) Changed or modified in nutritive power by the process of digestion. (b) (Plant Physiol.) Dependent upon other organisms for nutrition; heterotrophic; -- said of plants unable to perform photosynthesis, as all saprophytes; -- opposed to autotrophic.

Al"loy steel. Any steel containing a notable quantity of some other metal alloyed with the iron, usually chromium, nickel, manganese, tungsten, or vanadium.

Al*lu"vi*al (?), n. Alluvial soil; specif., in Australia, gold-bearing alluvial soil.

Al"pen*glow` (?), n. A reddish glow seen near sunset or sunrise on the summits of mountains; specif., a reillumination sometimes observed after the summits have passed into shadow, supposed to be due to a curving downward (refraction) of the light rays from the west resulting from the cooling of the air.

{ Al"pen*horn` (?), Alp"horn` }, n. [G. Alpenhorn.] A curved wooden horn about three feet long, with a cupped mouthpiece and a bell, used by the Swiss to sound the ranz des vaches and other melodies. Its notes are open harmonics of the tube.

Al*pes"trine (?), a. (Bot.) Growing on the elevated parts of mountains, but not above the timbe&?; line; subalpine.

Al"pha pa"per. (Photog.) A sensitized paper for obtaining positives by artificial light. It is coated with gelatin containing silver bromide and chloride. [Eng.]

Alpha rays. (Physics & Chem.) Rays of relatively low penetrating power emitted by radium and other radioactive substances, and shown to consist of positively charged particles (perhaps particles of helium) having enormous velocities but small masses. They are slightly deflected by a strong magnetic or electric field.

Al"phol (?), n. [Alpha- + - ol as in alcohol.] (Pharm.) A crystalline derivative of salicylic acid, used as an antiseptic and antirheumatic.

||Al`ter`nat" (?), n. [F.] A usage, among diplomats, of rotation in precedence among representatives of equal rank, sometimes determined by lot and at other times in regular order. The practice obtains in the signing of treaties and conventions between nations.

Al"ter*nat`ing cur"rent. (Elec.) A current which periodically changes or reverses its direction of flow.

Al"ter*na`tor (?), n. (Elec.) An electric generator or dynamo for producing alternating currents.

||Al"thing (?), n. [Icel. (modern) alping, earlier alpingi; allr all + ping assembly. See All, and Thing.] The national assembly or parliament of Iceland. See Thing, n., 8.

Al`to-cu"mu*lus (?), n. [L. altus high + L. & E. cumulus.] (Meteor.) A fleecy cloud formation consisting of large whitish or grayish globular cloudlets with shaded portions, often grouped in flocks or rows.

Al`to-stra"tus (?), n. [L. altus high + L. & E. stratus.] (Meteor.) A cloud formation similar to cirro-stratus, but heavier and at a lower level.

A*lu`mi*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Alumin-ium + -graphy.] Art or process of producing, and printing from, aluminium plates, after the manner of ordinary lithography. -- A*lu`mi*no*graph"ic (#), a.

Al"ve*o*lar (?), a. (Phon.) Articulated with the tip of the tongue pressing against the alveolar processes of the upper front teeth.

||Am`a*ni"ta (?), n. [NL. See Amanitine.] (Bot.) A genus of poisonous fungi of the family Agaricaceæ, characterized by having a volva, an annulus, and white spores. The species resemble edible mushrooms, and are frequently mistaken for them. Amanita muscaria, syn. Agaricus muscarius, is the fly amanita, or fly agaric; and A. phalloides is the death cup.

{ Am*ba"ry (?), n., or Ambary hemp }. [Hind. ambr, ambr.] A valuable East Indian fiber plant (Hibiscus cannabinus), or its fiber, which is used throughout India for making ropes, cordage, and a coarse canvas and sackcloth; -- called also brown Indian hemp.

Am*boy"na but"ton. (Med.) A chronic contagious affection of the skin, prevalent in the tropics.

Amboyna pine. (Bot.) The resiniferous tree Agathis Dammara, of the Moluccas.

Am*bro"sia (?), n. (Zoöl.) The food of certain small bark beetles, family Scolytidæ believed to be fungi cultivated by the beetles in their burrows.

Ambrosia beetle. (Zoöl.) A bark beetle that feeds on ambrosia.

A*mer"i*can plan. In hotels, aplan upon which guests pay for both room and board by the day, week, or other convenient period; -- contrasted with European plan.

A*mer"i*can Pro*tect"ive As*so`ci*a"tion. A secret organization in the United States, formed in Iowa in 1887, ostensibly for the protection of American institutions by keeping Roman Catholics out of public office. Abbrev. commonly to A. P .A.

Am"i*dol (?), n. [Amide + - ol as in alcohol.] (Photog. & Chem.) A salt of a diamino phenol, C₆H₃(OH)(NH₂)₂, used as a developer.

||A*mi"go (?), n.; pl. Amigos (#). [Sp., fr. L. amicus.] A friend; -- a Spanish term applied in the Philippine Islands to friendly natives.

Am"i*nol (?), n. [From amine.] (Pharm.) A colorless liquid prepared from herring brine and containing amines, used as a local antiseptic.

Am"ish (?), n. pl. [Written also Omish.] (Eccl. Hist.) The Amish Mennonites.

Am"ish, a. [Written also Omish.] (Eccl. Hist.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the followers of Jacob Amman, a strict Mennonite of the 17th century, who even proscribed the use of buttons and shaving as "worldly conformity". There are several branches of Amish Mennonites in the United States.

||Am`i*to"sis (?), n. [NL. See A- not, and Mitosis.] (Biol.) Cell division in which there is first a simple cleavage of the nucleus without change in its structure (such as the formation of chromosomes), followed by the division of the cytoplasm; direct cell division; -- opposed to mitosis. It is not the usual mode of division, and is believed by many to occur chiefly in highly specialized cells which are incapable of long-continued multiplication, in transitory structures, and in those in early stages of degeneration.

<! p. 1963 !>

Am`i*tot"ic (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to amitosis; karyostenotic; -- opposed to mitotic.

Am"mo*nal` (?), n. [Ammonium + aluminium.] An explosive consisting of a mixture of powdered aluminium and nitrate of ammonium.

Am`mo*ni"a*cal fer`men*ta"tion. Any fermentation process by which ammonia is formed, as that by which urea is converted into ammonium carbonate when urine is exposed to the air.

||A*mo"le (?), n. [Mex.] (Bot.) Any detergent plant, or the part of it used as a detergent, as the roots of Agave Americana, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, etc. [Sp. Amer. & Mex.]

||Am`pe*lop"sis (m`p*lp"ss), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`mpelos vine + 'o`psis appearance.] (Bot.) A genus formerly including the Virginia creeper.

Am*per"age (?), n. (Elec.) The strength of a current of electricity carried by a conductor or generated by a machine, measured in ampères.

Am`père" foot. (Elec.) A unit, employed in calculating fall of pressure in distributing mains, equivalent to a current of one ampère flowing through one foot of conductor.

Ampère hour. (Elec.) The quantity of electricity delivered in one hour by a current whose average strength is one ampère. It is used as a unit of quantity, and is equal to 3600 coulombs. The terms Ampère minute and Ampère second are sometimes similarly used.

Ampère turn. (Elec.) A unit equal to the product of one complete convolution (of a coiled conductor) into one ampère of current; thus, a conductor having five convolutions and carrying a current of half an ampère is said to have 2½ ampère turns. The magnetizing effect of a coil is proportional to the number of its ampère turns.

||Amt (?), n.; pl. Amter (#), E. Amts (#). [Dan. & Norw., fr. G.] An administrative territorial division in Denmark and Norway.

Each of the provinces [of Denmark] is divided into several amts, answering . . . to the English hundreds.

Encyc. Brit.

Am"vis (?), n. [Ammonium (nitrate) + L. vis strength, force.] An explosive consisting of ammonium nitrate, a derivative of nitrobenzene, chlorated napthalene, and wood meal.

||A*myg"da*la (*mg"d*l), n.; pl. -læ (-l). [L., an almond, fr. Gr. 'amygda`lh. See Almond.] 1. An almond.

2. (Anat.) (a) One of the tonsils of the pharynx. (b) One of the rounded prominences of the lower surface of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum, each side of the vallecula.

Am"yl al"co*hol. (Org. Chem.) Any of eight isomeric liquid compounds, C₅H₁₁OH; ordinarily, a mixture of two of these forming a colorless liquid with a peculiar cough-exciting odor and burning taste, the chief constituent of fusel oil. It is used as a source of amyl compounds, such as amyl acetate, amyl nitrite, etc.

Amyl nitrite. A yellowish oily volatile liquid, C₅H₁₁NO₂, used in medicine as a heart stimulant and a vasodilator. The inhalation of its vapor instantly produces flushing of the face.

A*myl"o*gen (?), n. [Amylum + -gen.] (Chem.) That part of the starch granule or granulose which is soluble in water.

Am`y*lo*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Amylum + genesis.] The formation of starch.

Am`y*lo*gen"ic (?), a. 1. Of or pert. to amylogen.

2. Forming starch; -- applied specif. to leucoplasts.

Am`y*lol"y*sis (?), n. [Amylum + Gr. &?; a loosing.] (Chem.) The conversion of starch into soluble products, as dextrins and sugar, esp. by the action of enzymes. -- Am`y*lo*lyt"ic (#), a.

Am`y*lom"e*ter (?), n. [Amylum + -meter.] Instrument for determining the amount of starch in a substance.

Am`y*lo*plas"tic (?), a. [Amylum + -plastic.] Starch-forming; amylogenic.

Am`y*lop"sin (?), n. [Amylum + Gr. &?; appearance.] (Physiol. Chem.) The diastase of the pancreatic juice.

An"a*branch (?), n. [Anastomosing + branch.] A branch of a river that reënters, or anastomoses with, the main stream; also, less properly, a branch which loses itself in sandy soil. [Australia]

Such branches of a river as after separation reunite, I would term anastomosing branches; or, if a word might be coined, anabranches, and the islands they form branch islands.

Col. Jackson.

{ ||An*a`ër*o"bi*a (?), An*a"ër*obes (?) }, n. pl. [NL. anaerobia; an-not + aëro- + Gr.&?; life.] (Bacteriol.) Anaërobic bacteria. They are called facultative anaërobia when able to live either in the presence or absence of free oxygen; obligate, or obligatory, anaërobia when they thrive only in its absence.

An*a`ë*rob"ic (?), a. [Pref. an- not + aërobic.] (Biol.) Not requiring air or oxygen for life; -- applied especially to those microbes to which free oxygen is unnecessary; anaërobiotic; -- opposed to aërobic.

{ An*al"gen (?), An*al"gene (?) }, n.} [Gr. &?; painless.] A crystalline compound used as an antipyretic and analgesic, employed chiefly in rheumatism and neuralgia. It is a complex derivative of quinoline.

An`a*mor"pho*scope (?), n. [Anamorphosis + -scope.] An instrument for restoring a picture or image distorted by anamorphosis to its normal proportions. It usually consists of a cylindrical mirror.

An`a*seis"mic (?), a. [Cf. Gr. &?; a shaking up and down.] Moving up and down; -- said of earthquake shocks.

An*as`tig*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. an- not + astigmatic.] (Optics) Not astigmatic; -- said esp. of a lens system which consists of a converging lens and a diverging lens of equal and opposite astigmatism but different focal lengths, and sensibly free from astigmatism.

A*nas"to*mose (?), v. i. Of any channels or lines, to meet and unite or run into each other, as rivers; to coalesce; to interjoin.

An"chor es*cape"ment. (Horol.) (a) The common recoil escapement. (b) A variety of the lever escapement with a wide impulse pin.

Anchor light. (Naut.) The lantern shown at night by a vessel at anchor. International rules of the road require vessels at anchor to carry from sunset to sunrise a single white light forward if under 150 feet in length, and if longer, two such lights, one near the stern and one forward.

Anchor shot. (Billiards) A shot made with the object balls in an anchor space.

Anchor space. (Billiards) In the balk-line game, any of eight spaces, 7 inches by 3½, lying along a cushion and bisected transversely by a balk line. Object balls in an anchor space are treated as in balk.

Anchor watch. (Naut.) A detail of one or more men who keep watch on deck at night when a vessel is at anchor.

An"cil*la*ry ad*min`is*tra"tion. (Law) An administration subordinate to, and in aid of, the primary or principal administration of an estate.

An`dro*ceph"a*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, man + &?; head.] Having a human head (upon an animal's body), as the Egyptian sphinx.

{ An`dro*di*œ"cious, -di*e"cious (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, man + E. diœcious.] (Bot.) Having perfect and staminate flowers on different plants. -- An`dro*di*œ"cism, -di*e"cism (#), n.

{ An"dro*mede (?), An"dro*med (?) }, n.} (Astron.) A meteor appearing to radiate from a point in the constellation Andromeda, -- whence the name.

A shower of these meteors takes place every year on November 27th or 28th. The Andromedes are also called Bielids, as they are connected with Biela's comet and move in its orbit.

||An`dro*po"gon (?), n. [NL.; Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + pw`gwn the beard.] (Bot.) A very large and important genus of grasses, found in nearly all parts of the world. It includes the lemon grass of Ceylon and the beard grass, or broom sedge, of the United States. The principal subgenus is Sorghum, including A. sorghum and A. halepensis, from which have been derived the Chinese sugar cane, the Johnson grass, the Aleppo grass, the broom corn, and the durra, or Indian millet. Several East Indian species, as A. nardus and A. schœnanthus, yield fragrant oils, used in perfumery.

||An`e*mo"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.&?; wind.] A condition in the wood of some trees in which the rings are separated, as some suppose, by the action of high winds upon the trunk; wind shake.

{ ||An*er"gi*a , An"er*gy (?), } n. [NL. anergia, fr. Gr. &?;- not + &?; work.] Lack of energy; inactivity. -- An*er"gic (#), a.

||An`gi*o"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -omata (#). [NL.; angio- + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood or lymph vessels. -- An`gi*om"a*tous (#), a.

||An`gi*o*neu*ro"sis (?), n. [NL.; angio- + neurosis.] (Med.) Any disorder of the vasomotor system; neurosis of a blood vessel. -- An`gi*o*neu*rot"ic (#), a.

An`gi*op"a*thy (?), n. [Angio- + Gr. &?; disease.] (Med.) Disease of the vessels, esp. the blood vessels.

An"gle of en"try. (Aëronautics) The angle between the tangent to the advancing edge (of an aërocurve) and the line of motion; -- contrasted with angle of trail, which is the angle between the tangent to the following edge and the line of motion.

Angle of incidence. (Aëronautics) The angle between the chord of an aërocurve and the relative direction of the undisturbed air current.

An"glo-Ca*thol"i*cism (?), n. The belief of those in the Church of England who accept many doctrines and practices which they maintain were those of the primitive, or true, Catholic Church, of which they consider the Church of England to be the lineal descendant.

An*gus"ti*clave (n*gs"t*klv), n. [L. angustus narrow + clavus a nail, a stripe.] (Rom. Antiq.) A narrow stripe of purple worn by the equites on each side of the tunic as a sign of rank.

An"i*lin*ism (?), n. [Aniline + -ism.] (Med.) A disease due to inhaling the poisonous fumes present in the manufacture of aniline.

An`i*mal"cu*lism (?), n. (Biol.) The theory that the spermatozoön and not the ovum contains the whole of the embryo; spermatism; -- opposed to ovism.

||An`i*so*co"ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; pupil.] (Med.) Inequality of the pupils of the eye.

An"i*sol (?), n. [Anisic + - ol.] (Chem.) Methyl phenyl ether, C₆H₅OCH₃, got by distilling anisic acid or by the action of methide on potassium phenolate.

||An`i*so*me*tro"pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; measure + &?;, &?;, eye.] Unequal refractive power in the two eyes.

An"i*so*spore` (?), n. [Gr. &?; priv. + isospore.] (Biol.) A sexual spore in which the sexes differ in size; -- opposed to isospore.

An"i*syl (?), n. (Org. Chem.) (a) The univalent radical, CH₃OC₆H₄, of which anisol is the hydride. (b) The univalent radical CH₃OC₆H₄CH₂; as, anisyl alcohol. (c) The univalent radical CH₃OC₆H₄CO, of anisic acid.

||A*ni"to (?), n.; pl. - tos (#). [Sp.] In Guam and the Philippines, an idol, fetich, or spirit.

Ankh (?), n. [Egypt.] (Egypt. Archæol.) A tau cross with a loop at the top, used as an attribute or sacred emblem, symbolizing generation or enduring life. Called also crux ansata.

||An"kus (?), n. [Hind., fr. Skr. akuça.] An elephant goad with a sharp spike and hook, resembling a short-handled boat hook. [India] Kipling.

||An`ky*los*to*mi"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Ankylostoma, var. of Agchylostoma, generic name of one genus of the parasitic nematodes.] (Med.) A disease due to the presence of the parasites Agchylostoma duodenale, Uncinaria (subgenus Necator) americana, or allied nematodes, in the small intestine. When present in large numbers they produce a severe anæmia by sucking the blood from the intestinal walls. Called also miner's anæmia, tunnel disease, brickmaker's anæmia, Egyptian chlorosis.

||An"laut` (?), n. [G.; an on + laut sound.] (Phon.) An initial sound, as of a word or syllable.

-- Im anlaut, initially; when initial; -- used of sounds.

An*nun`ci*a"tion lil"y (?). (Bot.) The common white lily (Lilium candidum). So called because it is usually introduced by painters in pictures of the Annunciation.

An`o*et"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; unthinkable; &?; priv. + &?; perceptible, thinkable.] 1. Unthinkable. [Rare]

2. (Psychol.) Not subject to conscious attention; having an indefinite, relatively passive, conscious being; characteristic of the "fringe" or "margin" of consciousness.

Presentation considered as having an existence relatively independent of thought, may be called sentience, or anoetic consciousness. Thought and sentience are fundamentally distinct mental functions.

G. F. Stout.

||A*noph"e*les (*nf"*lz), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'anwfelh`s useless, hurtful.] (Zoöl.) A genus of mosquitoes which are secondary hosts of the malaria parasites, and whose bite is the usual, if not the only, means of infecting human beings with malaria. Several species are found in the United States. They may be distinguished from the ordinary mosquitoes of the genus Culex by the long slender palpi, nearly equaling the beak in length, while those of the female Culex are very short. They also assume different positions when resting, Culex usually holding the body parallel to the surface on which it rests and keeping the head and beak bent at an angle, while Anopheles holds the body at an angle with the surface and the head and beak in line with it. Unless they become themselves infected by previously biting a subject affected with malaria, the insects cannot transmit the disease.

A*nor"tho*clase (?), n. [Gr. &?; priv. + orthoclase.] (Min.) A feldspar closely related to orthoclase, but triclinic. It is chiefly a silicate of sodium, potassium, and aluminium. Sp. gr., 2.57 -- 2.60.

||An`or*tho"pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + ortho- + Gr. &?;, &?;, the eye.] (Med.) Distorted vision, in which straight lines appear bent.

A*nor"tho*site (?), n. [F. anorthose triclinic feldspar (fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; straight) + -ite.] (Petrol.) A granular igneous rock composed almost exclusively of a soda-lime feldspar, usually labradorite.

||An`ox*æ"mi*a, -e"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL.; Gr. &?; priv. + oxygen + Gr. &?; blood.] (Med.) An abnormal condition due to deficient aëration of the blood, as in balloon sickness, mountain sickness. -- An`ox*æ"mic, *e"mic (#), a.

Ant cow. (Zoöl.) Any aphid from which ants obtain honeydew.

An"te*choir` (?), n. (Arch.) (a) A space inclosed or reserved at the entrance to the choir, for the clergy and choristers. (b) Where a choir is divided, as in some Spanish churches, that division of it which is the farther from the sanctuary.

||An`te mor"tem (?). [L.] Before death; -- generally used adjectivelly; as, an ante-mortem statement; ante- mortem examination.

The ante-mortem statement, or dying declaration made in view of death, by one injured, as to the cause and manner of the injury, is often receivable in evidence against one charged with causing the death.

An*thoph"i*lous (?), a. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + fi`los loving.] (Zoöl.) Lit., fond of flowers; hence, feeding upon, or living among, flowers.

An"thra*cene oil (?). A heavy green oil (partially solidifying on cooling), which distills over from coal tar at a temperature above 270°. It is the principal source of anthracene.

An*thrac"nose` (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, carbuncle + &?; disease.] (Bot.) Any one of several fungus diseases, caused by parasitic species of the series Melanconiales, attacking the bean, grape, melon, cotton, and other plants. In the case of the grape, brown concave spots are formed on the stem and fruit, and the disease is called bird's-eye rot.

||An`thra*co"sis (?), n. [NL. See Anthrax.] (Med.) A chronic lung disease, common among coal miners, due to the inhalation of coal dust; -- called also collier's lung and miner's phthisis.

An"thrax vac"cine. (Veter.) A fluid vaccine obtained by growing a bacterium (Bacterium anthracis) in beef broth. It is used to immunize animals, esp. cattle.

An`thro*po*ge*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; man + geography.] The science of the human species as to geographical distribution and environment. Broadly, it includes industrial, commercial, and political geography, and that part of ethnology which deals with distribution and physical environment. -- An`thro*po*ge*og"ra*pher (#), n. -- An`thro*po*ge`o*graph"ic*al (#), a.

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{ An`thro*po*nom"ics (?), An`thro*pon"o*my (?) }, n.} [Gr. &?; man + &?; usage, law, rule.] The science of the laws of the development of the human organism in relation to other organisms and to environment. -- An`thro*po*nom"ic*al (#), a.

An`thro*pop"a*thite (?), n. One who ascribes human feelings to deity.

An`ti*bac*te"ri*al (?), a. (Med.) (a) Inimical to bacteria; -- applied esp. to serum for protection against bacterial diseases. (b) Opposed to the bacterial theory of disease.

An"ti*bod`y (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Any of various bodies or substances in the blood which act in antagonism to harmful foreign bodies, as toxins or the bacteria producing the toxins. Normal blood serum apparently contains variousantibodies, and the introduction of toxins or of foreign cells also results in the development of their specific antibodies.

An`ti*bu*bon"ic (?), a. Good or used against bubonic plague; as, antibubonic serum, obtained from immunized horses; antibubonic vaccine, a sterilized bouillon culture of the plague bacillus; antibubonic measures.

An"ti*cline (?), n. [See Anticlinal.] (Geol.) A structure of bedded rocks in which the beds on both sides of an axis or axial plane dip away from the axis; an anticlinal.

An`ti*co*her"er (?), n. (Wireless Teleg.) A device, one form of which consists of a scratched deposit of silver on glass, used in connection with the receiving apparatus for reading wireless signals. The electric waves falling on this contrivance increase its resistance several times. The anticoherer can be used in conjunction with a telephone.

An`ti*diph`the*rit"ic (?), a. (Med.) Destructive to, or hindering the growth of, diphtheria bacilli. -- n. An antidiphtheritic agent.

An`ti-im*pe"ri*al*ism (?), n. Opposition to imperialism; -- applied specif., in the United States, after the Spanish-American war (1898), to the attitude or principles of those opposing territorial expansion; in England, of those, often called Little Englanders, opposing the extension of the empire and the closer relation of its parts, esp. in matters of commerce and imperial defense. -- An`ti- im*pe"ri*al*ist, n. -- An`ti- im*pe`ri*al*is"tic (#), a.

An"ti*mon*soon" (?), n. (Meteor.) The upper, contrary-moving current of the atmosphere over a monsoon.

An"ti*pasch (?), n. [Pref. anti- + pasch.] (Eccl.) The Sunday after Easter; Low Sunday.

An`ti-Sem"i*tism (?), n. Opposition to, or hatred of, Semites, esp. Jews. -- An`ti-Sem"ite (#), n. -- An`ti-Sem*it"ic (#), a.

||An`ti*sep"sis (&?;), n. [NL. See Anti-; Sepsis.] Prevention of sepsis by excluding or destroying microorganisms.

An`ti*si*al"a*gogue (?), a. (Med.) Checking the flow of saliva.

An`ti*si*al"a*gogue, n. A remedy against excessive salivation.

An"ti-trade`, n. A westerly wind which blows nearly continuously between 30° and 50° of latitude in both the northern and the southern hemisphere.

An`ti*ve"nin (?), n. [Written also antivenen, antivenine.] [Pref. anti- + L. venenum poison.] (Physiol. Chem.) The serum of blood rendered antitoxic to a venom by repeated injections of small doses of the venom.

A*part"ment house. A building comprising a number of suites designed for separate housekeeping tenements, but having conveniences, such as heat, light, elevator service, etc., furnished in common; -- often distinguished in the United States from a flat house.

||A`per`çu" (`pâr`s"), n.; pl. Aperçus (- s"). [F., prop. p. p. of apercevoir to perceive.] 1. A first view or glance, or the perception or estimation so obtained; an immediate apprehension or insight, appreciative rather than analytic.

The main object being to develop the several aperçus or insights which furnish the method of such psychology.

W. T. Harris.

A series of partial and more or less disparate aperçus or outlooks; each for itself a center of experience.

James Ward.

2. Hence, a brief or detached view; conspectus; sketch.

A*pho"tic (*f"tk), a. [Gr. 'a`fws, 'a`fwtos.] Without light.

Aphotic region. (Phytogeog.) A depth of water so great that only those organisms can exist that do not assimilate.

||A*phra"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + fra`sis speech.] (Med.) (a) = Dumbness. (b) A disorder of speech in which words can be uttered but not intelligibly joined together.

A`pi*ol"o*gy (?), n. [L. apis bee + -logy.] The scientific or systematic study of honey bees.

A*plan`o*ga*mete" (?), n. (Bot.) A nonmotile gamete, found in certain lower algæ.

||A*pla"si*a (?), n. [NL.; Gr. &?; priv. + &?; a molding.] (Med.) Incomplete or faulty development.

Ap`neu*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; not blown through.] (Med.) Devoid of air; free from air; as, an apneumatic lung; also, effected by or with exclusion of air; as, an apneumatic operation.

A*poc"a*lypse (?), n. (Eccl.) One of a numerous class of writings proceeding from Jewish authors between 250 b. c. and 150 a. d., and designed to propagate the Jewish faith or to cheer the hearts of the Jewish people with the promise of deliverance and glory; or proceeding from Christian authors of the opening centuries and designed to portray the future.

Ap`o*chro*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. apo- + chromatic.] (Optics) Free from chromatic and spherical aberration; -- said esp. of a lens in which rays of three or more colors are brought to the same focus, the degree of achromatism thus obtained being more complete than where two rays only are thus focused, as in the ordinary achromatic objective. -- Ap`o*chro"ma*tism (#), n.

Ap`o*co*de"ine (?), n. [Pref. apo- + codeine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid, &?;, prepared from codeine. In its effects it resembles apomorphine.

Ap`o*se*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. apo- + sematic.] (Zoöl.) Having or designating conspicuous or warning colors or structures indicative of special means of defense against enemies, as in the skunk.

Ap`os*tol"ic del"e*gate. (R. C. Ch.) The diplomatic agent of the pope highest in grade, superior to a nuncio.

||Ap`pel" (?), n. [F., prop., a call. See Appeal, n.] (Fencing) A tap or stamp of the foot as a warning of intent to attack; -- called also attack.

{ Ap`pen*dec"to*my (?), Ap*pend`i*cec"to*my (?) }, n.} [Appendix + Gr. &?;, fr. &?; excision.] (Surg.) Excision of the vermiform appendix.

Ap*pen"dix, n. The vermiform appendix.

||Ap*pen"dix ver`mi*for"mis (?). [NL.] (Anat.) The vermiform appendix.

Ap*pos"a*ble (?), a. (Anat.) Capable of being apposed, or applied one to another, as the thumb to the fingers of the hand.

Ap*proach", n. (Golf) A stroke whose object is to land the ball on the putting green. It is made with an iron club.

||Ap`pui" (?), n. (Man.) The mutual bearing or support of the hand of the rider and the mouth of the horse through the bit and bridle. -- Point d'appui (&?;), any point of support or basis of operations, as a rallying point.

||A*ra"ba (?), n. [Written also aroba and arba.] [Ar. or Turk. 'arabah: cf. Russ. arba.] A wagon or cart, usually heavy and without springs, and often covered. [Oriental]

The araba of the Turks has its sides of latticework to admit the air

Balfour (Cyc. of India).

||Ar`a*ro"ba (?), n. [Tupi.] 1. Goa powder.

2. A fabaceous tree of Brazil (Centrolobium robustum) having handsomely striped wood; -- called also zebrawood.

Arc (ärk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arcked (ärkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Arcking.] (Elec.) To form a voltaic arc, as an electrical current in a broken or disconnected circuit.

Ar"chi*bald wheel (?). A metal-hubbed wheel of great strength and elasticity, esp. adapted for artillery carriages and motor cars.

Ar"cho*plasm (?), n. [See Archon; Plasma.] (Biol.) The substance from which attraction spheres develop in mitotic cell division, and of which they consist.

Arc light. (Elec.) The light of an arc lamp.

Ar`dois" sys"tem (?). (Naut.) A widely used system of electric night signals in which a series of double electric lamps (white and red) is arranged vertically on a mast, and operated from a keyboard below.

{ A*re"co*line (?), n. Also - lin }. [From NL. Areca, a genus of palms bearing betel nut.] An oily liquid substance, C₈H₁₃O₂N, the chief alkaloid of the betel nut, to which the latter owes its anthelmintic action.

||A`rête" (?), n. [F., lit., a sharp fish bone, ridge, sharp edge, fr. L. arista beard of grain.] (Geog.) An acute and rugged crest of a mountain range or a subsidiary ridge between two mountain gorges.

Ar`gen*ta"li*um (?), n. [NL.; L. argentum silver + E. aluminium.] A (patented) alloy of aluminium and silver, with a density of about 2.9.

{ Ar*gen"ta*mine (?), n. Also - min }. [L. argentum silver + E. amine.] (Med.) A solution of silver phosphate in an aqueous solution of ethylene diamine, used as an antiseptic astringent and as a disinfectant.

Ar"gon (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, neut. of &?; inactive; &?; priv. + &?; work.] (Chem.) A colorless, odorless gas occurring in the air (of which it constitutes 0.93 per cent by volume), in volcanic gases, etc.; -- so named on account of its inertness by Rayleigh and Ramsay, who prepared and examined it in 1894-95. Symbol, A; at. wt., 39.9. Argon is condensible to a colorless liquid boiling at -186.1° C. and to a solid melting at -189.6° C. It has a characteristic spectrum. No compounds of it are known, but there is physical evidence that its molecule is monatomic. Weight of one liter at 0° C. and 760 mm., 1.7828 g.

Ar"go*naut (?), n. One of those who went to California in search of gold shortly after it was discovered there in 1848. [U. S.] Bret Harte.

The "Argonauts of '49" were a strong, self- reliant, generous body of men.

D. S. Jordan.

A"ri*el (?), n. [Heb. ariël, perh. confused with E. aërial.] In the Cabala, a water spirit; in later folklore, a light and graceful spirit of the air.

In zoölogy, ariel is used adjectively of certain birds noted for their graceful flight; as, the ariel toucan; the ariel petrel.

Ar"il*lode (?), n. [Arillus + Gr. &?; form.] (Bot.) A false aril; an aril originating from the micropyle instead of from the funicle or chalaza of the ovule. The mace of the nutmeg is an arillode.

A*ris"to*type` (?), n. [Gr. &?; best + -type.] (Photog.) Orig., a printing-out process using paper coated with silver chloride in gelatin; now, any such process using silver salts in either collodion or gelatin; also, a print so made.

Ar*kose" (?), n. [F] (Petrog) A sandstone derived from the disintegration of granite or gneiss, and characterized by feldspar fragments. -- Ar*kos"ic (#), a.

Ar"ma*ture (?), n. (Elec.) That part of a dynamo or electric generator or of an electric motor in which a current is induced by a relatively moving magnetic field. The armature usually consists of a series of coils or groups of insulated conductors surrounding a core of iron.

Ar"mored cruis"er. (Nav.) A man-of-war carrying a large coal supply, and more or less protected from the enemy's shot by iron or steel armor. There is no distinct and accepted classification distinguishing armored and protected cruisers from each other, except that the first have more or heavier armor than the second.

Army organization. The system by which a country raises, classifies, arranges, and equips its armed land forces. The usual divisions are: (1) A regular or active army, in which soldiers serve continuously with the colors and live in barracks or cantonments when not in the field; (2) the reserves of this army, in which the soldiers, while remaining constantly subject to a call to the colors, live at their homes, being summoned more or less frequently to report for instruction, drill, or maneuvers; and (3) one or more classes of soldiers organized largely for territorial defense, living at home and having only occasional periods of drill and instraction, who are variously called home reserves (as in the table below), second, third, etc., line of defense (the regular army and its reserves ordinarily constituting the first line of defense), territorial forces, or the like. In countries where conscription prevails a soldier is supposed to serve a given number of years. He is usually enrolled first in the regular army, then passes to its reserve, then into the home reserves, to serve until he reaches the age limit. It for any reason he is not enrolled in the regular army, he may begin his service in the army reserves or even the home reserves, but then serves the full number of years or up to the age limit. In equipment the organization of the army is into the three great arms of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, together with more or less numerous other branches, such as engineers, medical corps, etc., besides the staff organizations such as those of the pay and subsistence departments.

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{ ||Ar*naut" ||Ar*naout" } (?), n. [Turk. Arnaut, fr. NGr. &?;, for &?;.] An inhabitant of Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, specif. one serving as a soldier in the Turkish army.

Ar"oid (?), n. [Arum + - oid.] (Bot.) Any plant of the Arum family (Araceæ).

A*rol"la (*rl"l), n. [F. arolle.] (Bot.) The stone pine (Pinus Cembra).

||Ar"rha (?), n.; pl. Arrhæ (#). [L. Cf. Earnest.] (Law) Money or other valuable thing given to evidence a contract; a pledge or earnest.

||Ar*te`ri*o*scle*ro"sis (är*t`r**skl*r"ss), n. [Gr. 'arthri`a artery + sclerosis.] (Med.) Abnormal thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, esp. of the intima, occurring mostly in old age. -- Ar*te`ri*o*scle*rot"ic (#), a.

||Ar`thro*chon*dri"tis (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Chondritis of a joint.

||Ar*throd"e*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; joint + &?; a binding together.] (Surg.) Surgical fixation of joints.

Ar*throp"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; joint + &?;, &?;, to suffer.] (Med.) Any disease of the joints.

Ar"thro*spore (?), n. [Gr. &?; joint + E. spore.] (Bacteriol.) A bacterial resting cell, - - formerly considered a spore, but now known to occur even in endosporous bacteria. -- Ar`thro*spor"ic (#), Ar*thros"po*rous (#), a.

Ar"thro*tome (?), n. [Gr. &?; joint + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) A strong scalpel used in the dissection of joints.

Ar*thu"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to King Arthur or his knights. J. R. Symonds.

In magnitude, in interest, and as a literary origin, the Arthurian invention dwarfs all other things in the book.

Saintsbury.

Ar"ti*fact (?), n. [L. ars, artis, art + facere, factum, to make.] 1. (Archæol.) A product of human workmanship; -- applied esp. to the simpler products of aboriginal art as distinguished from natural objects.

2. (Biol.) A structure or appearance in protoplasm due to death or the use of reagents and not present during life.

Ar*til"ler*y wheel. A kind of heavily built dished wheel with a long axle box, used on gun carriages, usually having 14 spokes and 7 felloes; hence, a wheel of similar construction for use on automobiles, etc.

||As`ca*ri"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; an intestinal worm.] (Med.) A disease, usually accompanied by colicky pains and diarrhea, caused by the presence of ascarids in the gastrointestinal canal.

As"co*carp (?), n. [Gr. 'asko`s a bladder + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) In ascomycetous fungi, the spherical, discoid, or cup-shaped body within which the asci are collected, and which constitutes the mature fructification. The different forms are known in mycology under distinct names. Called also spore fruit.

||As`co*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl. [NL.; ascus + Gr. &?;, &?;, fungus.] (Bot.) A large class of higher fungi distinguished by septate hyphæ, and by having their spores formed in asci, or spore sacs. It comprises many orders, among which are the yeasts, molds, mildews, truffles, morels, etc. -- As`co*my*ce"tous (#), a.

||A*se"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; sign.] (Med.) Loss of power to express, or to understand, symbols or signs of thought.

||A*sep"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + sepsis.] State of being aseptic; the methods or processes of asepticizing.

A*sex`u*al*i*za"tion (?), n. [Asexual + -ize + -ation.] The act or process of sterilizing an animal or human being, as by vasectomy.

As"pect, n. (Aëronautics) A view of a plane from a given direction, usually from above; more exactly, the manner of presentation of a plane to a fluid through which it is moving or to a current. If an immersed plane meets a current of fluid long side foremost, or in broadside aspect, it sustains more pressure than when placed short side foremost. Hence, long narrow wings are more effective than short broad ones of the same area.

Aspect ratio. (Aëronautics) The ratio of the long to the short side of an aëroplane, aërocurve, or wing.

As"pi*rin (?), n. (Pharm.) A white crystalline compound of acetyl and salicylic acid used as a drug for the salicylic acid liberated from it in the intestines.

As"say pound. A small standard weight used in assaying bullion, etc., sometimes equaling 0.5 gram, but varying with the assayer.

Assay ton. A weight of 29.166 + grams used in assaying, for convenience. Since it bears the same relation to the milligram that a ton of 2000 avoirdupois pounds does to the troy ounce, the weight in milligrams of precious metal obtained from an assay ton of ore gives directly the number of ounces to the ton.

As*sem"ble, v. t. To collect and put together the parts of; as, to assemble a bicycle, watch, gun, or other manufactured article.

AS*sign" (?), v. i. (Law) To transfer or pass over property to another, whether for the benefit of the assignee or of the assignor's creditors, or in furtherance of some trust.

As"ta*tize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Astatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Astatizing.] (Magnetism) To render astatic.

As*tat"ki (?), n. [From Russ. ostatki remnants, pl. of ostatok.] A thick liquid residuum obtained in the distillation of Russian petroleum, much used as fuel.

As"ter, n. (Biol.) A star- shaped figure of achromatic substance found chiefly in cells dividing by mitosis.

As*ter"o*pe (?), n. [Gr. &?;, lit., lightning.] 1. (Myth.) One of the Pleiades; -- called also Sterope.

2. (Astron.) A double star in the Pleiades (21 k and 22 l Pleiadum, of the 5.8 and 6.4 magnitude respectively), appearing as a single star of the 5.3 magnitude to the naked eye.

Asth"ma pa"per. Paper impregnated with saltpeter. The fumes from the burning paper are often inhaled as an alleviative by asthmatics.

As"tral, a. 1. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to an aster; as, astral rays; astral sphere.

2. (Theosophy) Consisting of, belonging to, or designating, a kind of supersensible substance alleged to be next above the tangible world in refinement; as, astral spirits; astral bodies of persons; astral current.

As`tro*pho*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Pref. astro- + photometer.] (Astron.) A photometer for measuring the brightness of stars.

As`tro*pho*tom"e*try (?), n. (Astron.) The determination of the brightness of stars, and also of the sun, moon, and planets. -- As`tro*pho`to*met"ric*al (#), a.

As`tro*phys"ics (?), n. [Astro- + physics.] (Astron.) The science treating of the physical characteristics of the stars and other heavenly bodies, their chemical constitution, light, heat, atmospheres, etc.

Its observations are made with the spectroscope, bolometer, etc., usually in connection with the telescope.

A*syn"chro*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; not + synchronous.] Not simultaneous; not concurrent in time; -- opposed to synchronous.

At`a*mas"co lil"y (?). [Atamasco is fr. North American Indian.] (Bot.) See under Lily.

{ A`te*lets" sauce (?) or ||Sauce` aux ha`te*lets" (?) }. [F. hâtelet skewer.] A sauce (such as egg and bread crumbs) used for covering bits of meat, small birds, or fish, strung on skewers for frying.

{ ||Ath`a*na"si*a (?), A*than"a*sy (?) }, n. [NL. athanasia, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; priv. + &?; death.] The quality of being deathless; immortality.

Is not a scholiastic athanasy better than none?

Lowell.

Ath"e*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Athetized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Athetizing (?).] [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; set aside, not fixed; &?; not + &?; to place.] To set aside or reject as spurious, as by marking with an obelus.

||A*threp"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; nourishment.] (Med.) Profound debility of children due to lack of food and to unhygienic surroundings. -- A*threp"tic (#), a.

At"las pow"der. A blasting powder or dynamite composed of nitroglycerin, wood fiber, sodium nitrate, and magnesium carbonate.

||At"man (?), n. [Skr. tman.] (Hinduism) (a) The life principle, soul, or individual essence. (b) The universal ego from whom all individual atmans arise. This sense is a European excrescence on the East Indian thought.

At*mi"a*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; vapor + &?; medical treatment, healing.] Treatment of disease by vapors or gases, as by inhalation.

||A*to"le (?), n. [Mex. Sp.] A porridge or gruel of maize meal and water, milk, or the like. [Sp. Amer.]

A*tone"ment, n. -- Day of Atonement (Jewish Antiq.), the only fast day of the Mosaic ritual, celebrated on the tenth day of the seventh month (Tisri), according to the rites described in Leviticus xvi.

||A"tri*um, n. (Anat.) A cavity, entrance, or passage; as, the atrium, or atrial cavity, in the body wall of the amphioxus; an atrium of the infundibula of the lungs, etc.

At*trac"tion sphere. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The central mass of the aster in mitotic cell division; centrosphere. (b) Less often, the mass of archoplasm left by the aster in the resting cell.

2. (Bot.) A small body situated on or near the nucleus in the cells of some of the lower plants, consisting of two centrospheres containing centrosomes. It exercises an important function in mitosis.

At*tri"tus (?), n. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere; ad + terere to rub.] Matter pulverized by attrition.

Auc"tion bridge. A variety of the game of bridge in which the players, beginning with the dealer, bid for the privilege of naming the trump and playing with the dummy for that deal, there being heavy penalties for a player's failure to make good his bid. The score value of each trick more than six taken by the successful bidder is as follows: when the trump is spades, 2; clubs, 6; diamonds, 7; hearts, 8; royal spades (lilies), 9; and when the deal is played with no trump, 10.

Auction pitch. A game of cards in which the players bid for the privilege of determining or "pitching" the trump suit. R. F. Foster.

Au"dile (?), n. [L. audire to hear.] (Psychol.) One whose thoughts take the form of mental sounds or of internal discourse rather than of visual or motor images.

||Auf"klä*rung (?), n. [G., enlightenment.] A philosophic movement of the 18th century characterized by a lively questioning of authority, keen interest in matters of politics and general culture, and an emphasis on empirical method in science. It received its impetus from the unsystematic but vigorous skepticism of Pierre Bayle, the physical doctrines of Newton, and the epistemological theories of Locke, in the preceding century. Its chief center was in France, where it gave rise to the skepticism of Voltaire , the naturalism of Rousseau, the sensationalism of Condillac, and the publication of the "Encyclopedia" by D'Alembert and Diderot. In Germany, Lessing, Mendelssohn, and Herder were representative thinkers, while the political doctrines of the leaders of the American Revolution and the speculations of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine represented the movement in America.

||Au` fond" (?). [F., lit., at the bottom.] At bottom; fundamentally; essentially.

||Au` gra`tin" (?). [F.] (Cookery) With a crust made by browning in the oven; as, spaghetti may be served au gratin.

{ Auld licht (?), Auld light }. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) A member of the conservative party in the Church of Scotland in the latter part of the 18th century. (b) Same as Burgher, n., 2.

||Au` re*voir" (?). [F., lit., to the seeing again.] Good-by until we meet again.

Au`ri*lave (?), n. [L. auris ear + lavare to wash.] An instrument for cleansing the ear, consisting of a small piece of sponge on an ivory or bone handle.

Aus"tral (?), a. (Biogeography) Designating, or pert. to, a zone extending across North America between the Transition and Tropical zones, and including most of the United States and central Mexico except the mountainous parts.

Aus*tra"li*an bal"lot. (Law) A system of balloting or voting in public elections, originally used in South Australia, in which there is such an arrangement for polling votes that secrecy is compulsorily maintained, and the ballot used is an official ballot printed and distributed by the government.

||Aus"zug` (ous"tsk), n.; Ger. pl. -zÜge (-tsü`g). [G.] See Army organization, Switzerland.

Au"to- (?). An abbrev. of automobile, used as a prefix with the meaning of self-moving, self- propelling; as, an autocar, an autocarriage, an autotruck, etc., an automobile car, carriage, truck, etc.

Au`to*ca*tal"y*sis (?), n. [Auto- + catalysis.] (Chem.) Self-catalysis; catalysis of a substance by one of its own products, as of silver oxide by the silver formed by reduction of a small portion of it. -- Au`to*cat`a*lyt"ic (#), a.

Au`to*clas"tic (?), a. [See Auto- ; Clastic.] (Geol.) Broken in place; -- said of rocks having a broken or brecciated structure due to crushing, in contrast to those of brecciated materials brought from a distance.

Au`to*co*her"er (?), n. [Auto- + coherer.] (Wireless Teleg.) A self-restoring coherer, as a microphonic detector.

Au`to*dy*nam"ic (?), a. [Auto- + dynamic.] Supplying its own power, as a hydraulic ram.

Au*tœ"cious (?), a. [Auto- + Gr. &?; house.] (Biol.) Passing through all its stages on one host, as certain parasitic fungi; -- contrasted with heterœcious.

Au*tœ"cism (?), n. Quality of being autœcious.

Au`to*ge*net"ic, a. (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to, controlled by, or designating, a system of self- determined drainage.

Autogenetic drainage. (Phys. Geog.) A system of natural drainage developed by the constituent streams through headwater erosion.

Autogenetic topography. (Phys. Geog.) A system of land forms produced by the free action of rain and streams on rocks of uniform texture.

Au*tog"e*nous (?), a. Autogenetic.

Au"to*harp (?), n. [Auto- + harp.] A zitherlike musical instrument, provided with dampers which, when depressed, deaden some strings, leaving free others that form a chord.

Au`to*hyp*not"ic (?), a. Pert. to autohypnotism; self-hypnotizing. -- n. An autohypnotic person.

Au`to*hyp"no*tism (?), n. [Auto- + hypnotism.] Hypnotism of one's self by concentration of the attention on some object or idea.

Au`to-in*fec"tion, n. [Auto- + infection.] (Med.) Poisoning caused by a virus that originates and develops in the organism itself.

Au`to-in*oc`u*la"tion, n. [Auto- + inoculation.] (Med.) Inoculation of a person with virus from his own body.

Au`to-in*tox`i*ca"tion, n. [Auto- + intoxication.] (Med.) Poisoning, or the state of being poisoned, from toxic substances produced within the body; autotoxæmia.

||Au`to*ki*ne"sis (?), n. [NL.; auto- + Gr. &?; motion.] (Physiol.) Spontaneous or voluntary movement; movement due to an internal cause.

Au`to*ki*net"ic (?), a. [Auto- + kinetic.] Self-moving; moving automatically.

Autokinetic system. In fire-alarm telegraphy, a system so arranged that when one alarm is being transmitted, no other alarm, sent in from another point, will be transmitted until after the first alarm has been disposed of.

Au`to*mixte" system (?). (Mach.) A system (devised by Henri Pieper, a Belgian) of driving automobiles employing a gasoline engine and an auxiliary reversible dynamo. When there is an excess of power the dynamo is driven by the engine so as to charge a small storage battery; when there is a deficiency of power the dynamo reverses and acts as an auxiliary motor. Sometimes called Pieper system. -- Automixte car, etc.

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Au`to*mo"bile (?), n. [F.] An automobile vehicle or mechanism; esp., a self-propelled vehicle suitable for use on a street or roadway. Automobiles are usually propelled by internal combustion engines (using volatile inflammable liquids, as gasoline or petrol, alcohol, naphtha, etc.), steam engines, or electric motors. The power of the driving motor varies from about 4 to 50 H. P. for ordinary vehicles, ranging from the run- about to the touring car, up to as high as 200 H. P. for specially built racing cars. Automobiles are also commonly, and generally in British usage, called motor cars.

Au`to*mo"bil*ism (?), n. The use of automobiles, or the practices, methods, or the like, of those who use them. -- Au`to*mo"bil*ist, n.

Au`to*path"ic (?), a. [See Auto-, and Pathic, a.] (Med.) Dependent upon, or due or relating to, the structure and characteristics of the diseased organism; endopathic; as, an autopathic disease; an autopathic theory of diseases.

Au*toph"a*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; self + &?; to eat.] (Med.) The feeding of the body upon itself, as in fasting; nutrition by consumption of one's own tissues.

Au`to*pneu*mat"ic (?), a. [Auto- + pneumatic.] Acting or moving automatically by means of compressed air.

Au`to*sta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Auto- + stability.] (Mechanics) Automatic stability; also, inherent stability. An aëroplane is inherently stable if it keeps in steady poise by virtue of its shape and proportions alone; it is automatically stable if it keeps in steady poise by means of self- operative mechanism.

Au`to*sug*ges"tion (?), n. [Auto- + suggestion.] (Med.) Self-suggestion as distinguished from suggestion coming from another, esp. in hypnotism. Autosuggestion is characteristic of certain mental conditions in which expectant belief tends to produce disturbance of function of one or more organs.

||Au`to*tox*æ"mi*a, -tox*e"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL. See Auto-, and Toxæmia.] (Physiol.) Self-intoxication. See Auto- intoxication.

Au`to*tox"ic (?), a. [Auto- + toxic.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or causing, autotoxæmia.

Au`to*tox`i*ca"tion (?), n. [Auto- + toxication.] (Physiol.) Same as Auto- intoxication.

Au`to*trans*form"er (?), n. [Auto- + transformer.] (Elec.) A transformer in which part of the primary winding is used as a secondary winding, or vice versa; -- called also a compensator or balancing coil.

Au`to*troph"ic (?), a. [Auto- + trophic.] (Plant Physiol.) Capable of self- nourishment; -- said of all plants in which photosynthetic activity takes place, as opposed to parasitism or saprophytism.

Au*tot"ro*pism (?), n. [Auto- + Gr. &?; to turn.] (Plant Physiol.) The tendency of plant organs to grow in a straight line when uninfluenced by external stimuli.

Au"tun*ite (?), n. [From Autun, France, its locality.] (Min.) A lemon-yellow phosphate of uranium and calcium occurring in tabular crystals with basal cleavage, and in micalike scales. H., 2-2.5. Sp. gr., 3.05-3.19.

Aux*e"to*phone (?), n. [Gr. &?; that may be increased + &?; sound, voice.] A pneumatic reproducer for a phonograph, controlled by the recording stylus on the principle of the relay. It produces much clearer and louder tones than does the ordinary vibrating disk reproducer.

Aux*om"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; to increase + -meter.] (Optics) An instrument for measuring the magnifying power of a lens or system of lenses.

A*ven"a*lin (?), n. [L. avena eats.] (Chem.) A crystalline globulin, contained in oat kernels, very similar in composition to excelsin, but different in reactions and crystalline form.

Av`er*run*ca"tor (?), n. An instrument for pruning trees, having two blades, or a blade and a hook, fixed on a long rod and operated by a string or wire.

A*ves"tan (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Avesta or the language of the Avesta. -- n. The language of the Avesta; -- less properly called Zend.

||A`vi*a"do (?), n. [Sp.] One who works a mine with means provided by another. [Sp. Amer. & Southwestern U. S.]

A"vi*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aviated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aviating.] To fly, or navigate the air, in an aëroplane or heavier-than-air flying machine. [Colloq.]

A"vi*a`tor (?), n. The driver or pilot of an aëroplane, or heavier-than-air flying machine.

{ A"vi*a`tress (?), A`vi*a"trix (?) }, n. A woman aviator.

A`vi*ette" (?), n. A heavier-than- air flying machine in which the motive power is furnished solely by the aviator.

Awk"ward squad. (Mil.) A squad of inapt recruits assembled for special drill.

{ Ax"min*ster (?), n., or Axminster carpet }. (a) [More fully chenille Axminster.] A variety of Turkey carpet, woven by machine or, when more than 27 inches wide, on a hand loom, and consisting of strips of worsted chenille so colored as to produce a pattern on a stout jute backing. It has a fine soft pile. So called from Axminster, England, where it was formerly (1755 -- 1835) made. (b) A similar but cheaper machine- made carpet, resembling moquette in construction and appearance, but finer and of better material.

A*zo"gue (?), n. [Sp. See Azoth.] Lit.: Quicksilver; hence: pl. (Mining) Silver ores suitable for treatment by amalgamation with mercury. [Sp. Amer.]

Az"ole (?), n. [From Azote.] (Org. Chem.) Any of a large class of compounds characterized by a five-membered ring which contains an atom of nitrogen and at least one other noncarbon atom (nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur). The prefixes furo-, thio, and pyrro- are used to distinguish three subclasses of azoles, which may be regarded as derived respectively from furfuran, thiophene, and pyrrol by replacement of the CH group by nitrogen; as, furo-monazole. Names exactly analogous to those for the azines are also used; as, oxazole, diazole, etc.

||A*zo"te (?), n. [Sp.] A switch or whip. [Sp. Amer.]

Az"ot*ed (?), a. Nitrogenized; nitrogenous.

{ Az"o*tine (?), n. Also - tin }. [Azote + -ine.] 1. An explosive consisting of sodium nitrate, charcoal, sulphur, and petroleum.

2. = 1st Ammonite, 2.

||Az`o*tu"ri*a (?), n. [NL.; azote + Gr. &?; urine.] (Med.) Excess of urea or other nitrogenous substances in the urine.

B.

Bab (?), n. [Per.] Lit., gate; -- a title given to the founder of Babism, and taken from that of Bab- ud-Din, assumed by him.

{ Bab"ism (?), Bab"i*ism (?) }, n. The doctrine of a modern religious pantheistical sect in Persia, which was founded, about 1844, by Mirza Ali Mohammed ibn Rabhik (1820 -- 1850), who assumed the title of Bab- ed-Din (Per., Gate of the Faith). Babism is a mixture of Mohammedan, Christian, Jewish, and Parsi elements. This doctrine forbids concubinage and polygamy, and frees women from many of the degradations imposed upon them among the orthodox Mohammedans. Mendicancy, the use of intoxicating liquors and drugs, and slave dealing, are forbidden; asceticism is discountenanced. -- Bab"ist, n.

{ Ba*bul", Ba*bool" (?) }, n. [See Bablah.] (Bot.) Any one of several species of Acacia, esp. A. Arabica, which yelds a gum used as a substitute for true gum arabic.

In place of Putney's golden gorse
The sickly babul blooms.

Kipling.

Ba*cil"lar, a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or produced by, the organism bacillus; bacillary.

Bac"il*la*ry, a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to bacilli; produced by, or containing, bacilli; bacillar; as, a bacillary disease.

Back fire. (a) A fire started ahead of a forest or prairie fire to burn only against the wind, so that when the two fires meet both must go out for lack of fuel. (b) A premature explosion in the cylinder of a gas or oil engine during the exhaust or the compression stroke, tending to drive the piston in a direction reverse to that in which it should travel; also, an explosion in the exhaust passages of such ah engine.

Back"-fire`, v. i. 1. (Engin.) To have or experience a back fire or back fires; -- said of an internal-combustion engine.

2. Of a Bunsen or similar air-fed burner, to light so that the flame proceeds from the internal gas jet instead of from the external jet of mixed gas and air. -- Back"- fir`ing, n.

Back"heel` (?), n. (Wrestling) A method of tripping by getting the leg back of the opponent's heel on the outside and pulling forward while pushing his body back; a throw made in this way. -- v. t. To trip (a person) in this way.

Back"stop` (?), n. 1. In baseball, a fence, prop. at least 90 feet behind the home base, to stop the balls that pass the catcher; also, the catcher himself.

2. In rounders, the player who stands immediately behind the striking base.

3. In cricket, the longstop; also, the wicket keeper.

Ba*co"ni*an (?), n. 1. One who adheres to the philosophy of Lord Bacon.

2. One who maintains that Lord Bacon is the author of the works commonly attributed to Shakespeare.

Bac"te*rin (?), n. (Med.) A bacterial vaccine.

||Bac*te`ri*ol"y*sis (?), n. [NL.; fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a staff + &?; a loosing.] 1. Chemical decomposition brought about by bacteria without the addition of oxygen.

2. The destruction or dissolution of bacterial cells. -- Bac*te`ri*o*lyt"ic (#), a.

Bac*te`ri*os"co*py (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a staff + &?; to view.] Microscopic examination or investigation of bacteria. -- Bac*te`ri*o*scop"ic (#), a. -- *scop"ic*al*ly (#), adv. -- Bac*te`ri*os"co*pist (#), n.

||Ba`daud" (?), n. [F.] A person given to idle observation of everything, with wonder or astonishment; a credulous or gossipy idler.

A host of stories . . . dealing chiefly with the subject of his great wealth, an ever delightful topic to the badauds of Paris.

Pall Mall Mag.

Badg"er game. The method of blackmailing by decoying a person into a compromising situation and extorting money by threats of exposure. [Cant]

Badger State. Wisconsin; -- a nickname.

Ba*di"geon (b*dj"n), n. [F.] A cement or distemper paste (as of plaster and powdered freestone, or of sawdust and glue or lime) used by sculptors, builders, and workers in wood or stone, to fill holes, cover defects, etc.

||Bæ"tu*lus (?), n.; pl. Bætuli (#). [L., fr. Gr. bai`tylos a sacred meteorite.] (Antiq.) A meteorite, or similar rude stone artificially shaped, held sacred or worshiped as of divine origin.

All the evidence goes to prove that these menhirs are bætuli, i. e., traditional and elementary images of the deity.

I. Gonino (Perrot & Chipiez).

Baff (bf), v. t. & i. [Scot., prob. imitative; cf. G. baff, interj. imitating the sound of a shot.] To strike; to beat; to make a baff. [Scot. or Golf]

Baff, n. A blow; stroke; thud; specif. (Golf), a stroke in which the sole of the club hits the ground and drives the ball aloft. [Scot. or Golf]

Baf"fle, n. 1. (Engin.) (a) A deflector, as a plate or wall, so arranged across a furnace or boiler flue as to mingle the hot gases and deflect them against the substance to be heated. (b) A grating or plate across a channel or pipe conveying water, gas, or the like, by which the flow is rendered more uniform in different parts of the cross section of the stream; -- used in measuring the rate of flow, as by means of a weir.

2. (Coal Mining) A lever for operating the throttle valve of a winding engine. [Local, U. S.]

Baff"y (bf"), n. [See Baff, v. t.] (Golf) A short wooden club having a deeply concave face, seldom used.

{ ||Ba*ha"dur ||Ba*hau"dur } (?), n. [Written also bahawder.] [Hind. bahdur hero, champion.] A title of respect or honor given to European officers in East Indian state papers, and colloquially, and among the natives, to distinguished officials and other important personages.

Ba*hai" (b*h"), n.; pl. Bahais (-hz). A member of the sect of the Babis consisting of the adherents of Baha (Mirza Husain Ali, entitled "Baha 'u 'llah," or, "the Splendor of God"), the elder half brother of Mirza Yahya of Nur, who succeeded the Bab as the head of the Babists. Baha in 1863 declared himself the supreme prophet of the sect, and became its recognized head. There are upwards of 20,000 Bahais in the United States.

Ba*ha"ism (?), n. The religious tenets or practices of the Bahais.

||Bai`gnoire" (?), n. [Written also baignoir.] [F., lit., bath tub.] A box of the lowest tier in a theater. Du Maurier.

Bai"ly's beads (?). (Astron.) A row of bright spots observed in connection with total eclipses of the sun. Just before and after a total eclipse, the slender, unobscured crescent of the sun's disk appears momentarily like a row of bright spots resembling a string of beads. The phenomenon (first fully described by Francis Baily, 1774 -- 1844) is thought to be an effect of irradiation, and of inequalities of the moon's edge.

Bai*ram" (?), n. [Turk. baïrm.] Either of two Mohammedan festivals, of which one (the Lesser Bairam) is held at the close of the fast called Ramadan, and the other (the Greater Bairam) seventy days after the fast.

Bal"a*ta (?), n. [Sp., prob. fr. native name.] 1. A West Indian sapotaceous tree (Bumelia retusa).

2. The bully tree (Minusops globosa); also, its milky juice (balata gum), which when dried constitutes an elastic gum called chicle, or chicle gum.

||Ba`la`yeuse" (?), n. [F., lit., a female sweeper.] A protecting ruffle or frill, as of silk or lace, sewed close to the lower edge of a skirt on the inside.

Ball, n. (Baseball) A pitched ball, not struck at by the batsman, which fails to pass over the home base at a height not greater than the batsman's shoulder nor less than his knee.

Bal"lis*tite (?), n. [See Ballista.] (Chem.) A smokeless powder containing equal parts of soluble nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin.

Bal"lot*age (?), n. [F. ballottage.] In France, a second ballot taken after an indecisive first ballot to decide between two or several candidates.

Bal*op"ti*con (?), n. [Gr. &?; to throw + stereopticon.] See Projector, below.

||Bam*bi"no (?), n.; It. pl. -ni (#). [It.] A child or baby; specif., a representation in art of the infant Christ.

Ba*na"na so*lu"tion. A solution used as a vehicle in applying bronze pigments. In addition to acetote, benzine, and a little pyroxylin, it contains amyl acetate, which gives it the odor of bananas.

||Ban*cal" (?), n.; pl. - cales (#). [Sp., fr. banca, banco, bench. Cf. Bench.] An ornamental covering, as of carpet or leather, for a bench or form.

Ban*deau" (?), n.; pl. - deaux (#). [F.] A narrow band or fillet, as for the hair, part of a headdress, etc.

||Ban`de*ril"la (?), n. [Sp., dim. of bandera banner. See Banner, and cf. Banderole.] A barbed dart carrying a banderole which the banderillero thrusts into the neck or shoulder of the bull in a bullfight.

||Ban`de*ril*le"ro (?), n. [Sp.] One who thrusts in the banderillas in bullfighting. W. D. Howells.

Ban`jo*rine" (?), n. [From banjore banjo. See Banjo.] (Music.) A kind of banjo, with a short neck, tuned a fourth higher than the common banjo; -- popularly so called.

Bank, n. A group or series of objects arranged near together; as, a bank of electric lamps, etc.

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Bank, n. (Aëronautics) The lateral inclination of an aëroplane as it rounds a curve; as, a bank of 45° is easy; a bank of 90° is dangerous.

Bank, v. i. (Aëronautics) To tilt sidewise in rounding a curve; -- said of a flying machine, an aërocurve, or the like.

Bank discount. A sum equal to the interest at a given rate on the principal (face) of a bill or note from the time of discounting until it becomes due.

Ban*quette" (?), n. A bench or seat for passengers on the top of a diligence or other public vehicle.

My brother-in-law . . . took refuge in the banquette.

Mrs. Howe.

{ Bans"shee, Ban"shie (?) }, n. [Gael. bean-shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.] (Celtic Folklore) A supernatural being supposed to warn a family of the approaching death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice.

Ban"tu (?), n. A member of one of the great family of Negroid tribes occupying equatorial and southern Africa. These tribes include, as important divisions, the Kafirs, Damaras, Bechuanas, and many tribes whose names begin with Aba- , Ama-, Ba-, Ma-, Wa-, variants of the Bantu plural personal prefix Aba-, as in Ba-ntu, or Aba-ntu, itself a combination of this prefix with the syllable -ntu, a person. -- Ban"tu, a.

||Ban"zai" (?), interj. [Jap. banzai, banzei, ten thousand years, forever.] Lit., May you live ten thousand years; -- used in salutation of the emperor and as a battle cry. [Japan]

Ba*ra"ca (?), n. An international, interdenominational organization of Bible classes of young men; -- so named in allusion to the Hebrew word Berachah (Meaning blessing) occurring in 2 Chron. xx. 26 and 1 Chron. xii.

Bar"ad (?), n. [Gr. &?; weight.] (Physics) The pressure of one dyne per square centimeter; -- used as a unit of pressure.

{ Bar`æs*the`si*om"e*ter, Bar`es*the`si*om"e*ter (?) }, n. [Gr. &?; weight + æsthesiometer.] (Physiol.) An instrument for determining the delicacy of the sense of pressure. -- Bar`æs*the`si*o*met"ric, Bar`es*the`si*o*met"ric (#), a.

Bar`a*the"a (?), n. A soft fabric with a kind of basket weave and a diapered pattern.

Bar"ber, n. (Meteor.) A storm accompanied by driving ice spicules formed from sea water, esp. one occurring on the Gulf of St. Lawrence; -- so named from the cutting ice spicules. [Canada]

{ Bar`bi`zon", or Bar`bi`son", school (?) }. (Painting) A French school of the middle of the 19th century centering in the village of Barbizon near the forest of Fontainebleau. Its members went straight to nature in disregard of academic tradition, treating their subjects faithfully and with poetic feeling for color, light, and atmosphere. It is exemplified, esp. in landscapes, by Corot, Rousseau, Daubigny, Jules Dupré, and Diaz. Associated with them are certain painters of animals, as Troyon and Jaque, and of peasant life, as Millet and Jules Breton.

||Bar*di"glio (?), n. [It.] An Italian marble of which the principal varieties occur in the neighborhood of Carrara and in Corsica. It commonly shows a dark gray or bluish ground traversed by veins.

Barn"burn`er (?), n. [So called in allusion to the fable of the man who burned his barn in order to rid it of rats.] A member of the radical section of the Democratic party in New York, about the middle of the 19th century, which was hostile to extension of slavery, public debts, corporate privileges, etc., and supported Van Buren against Cass for president in 1848; -- opposed to Hunker. [Political Cant, U. S.]

Barn"storm`er (?), n. [Barn + storm, v.] An itinerant theatrical player who plays in barns when a theatre is lacking; hence, an inferior actor, or one who plays in the country away from the larger cities. -- Barn"storm`ing, n. [Theatrical Cant]

Bar`o*cy`clon*om"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; weight + cyclone + -meter.] (Meteorol.) An aneroid barometer for use with accompanying graphic diagrams and printed directions designed to aid mariners to interpret the indications of the barometer so as to determine the existence of a violent storm at a distance of several hundred miles.

Bar"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?; weight + -gram.] (Meteor.) A tracing, usually made by the barograph, showing graphically the variations of atmospheric pressure for a given time.

||Ba*rong" (?), n. [Native name.] A kind of cutting weapon with a thick back and thin razorlike edge, used by the Moros of the Philippine Islands.

Ba*roque" (?), a. Irregular in form; -- said esp. of a pearl.

Bar`o*ther"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; weight + thermograph.] An instrument for recording both pressure and temperature, as of the atmosphere.

Bar`ra*cu"da (?), n. [Native name.] Any of several voracious pikelike marine fishes allied to the gray mullets, constituting the genus Sphyræna and family Sphyrænidæ. The great barracuda (S. barracuda) of the West Indies, Florida, etc., is often six feet or more long, and as dangerous as a shark. In Cuba its flesh is reputed to be poisonous. S. Argentea of the Pacific coast and S. sphyræna of Europe are smaller species, and are used as food.

Bar`ra*mun"di (?), n. [Written also barramunda.] [Native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A remarkable Australian fresh-water ganoid fish of the genus Ceratodus. (b) An Australian river fish (Osteoglossum Leichhardtii).

Bar"rel proc"ess. (Metal.) A process of extracting gold or silver by treating the ore in a revolving barrel, or drum, with mercury, chlorine, cyanide solution, or other reagent.

Bar"ret*ter (?), n. [OF. bareter to exchange. Cf. Barter.] (Wireless Teleg.) A thermal cymoscope which operates by increased resistance when subjected to the influence of electric waves. The original form consisted of an extremely fine platinum wire loop attached to terminals and inclosed in a small glass or silver bulb. In a later variety, called the liquid barretter, wire is replace by a column of liquid in a very fine capillary tube.

||Bar"ri*o (?), n.; pl. Barrios (#). [Sp.] In Spain and countries colonized by Spain, a village, ward, or district outside a town or city to whose jurisdiction it belongs.

Bar"y*sphere (?), n. [Gr. &?; heavy + sphere.] (Geol.) The heavy interior portion of the earth, within the lithosphere.

Bash (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bashing.] [Perh. of imitative origin; or cf. Dan. baske to strike, bask a blow, Sw. basa to beat, bas a beating.] To strike heavily; to beat; to crush. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Hall Caine.

Bash her open with a rock.

Kipling.

Ba"sic proc"ess. (Iron Metal.) A Bessemer or open-hearth steel-making process in which a lining that is basic, or not siliceous, is used, and additions of basic material are made to the molten charge during treatment. Opposed to acid process, above. Called also Thomas process.

Basic slag. A by-product from the manufacture of steel by the basic process, used as a fertilizer. It is rich in lime and contains 14 to 20 per cent of phosphoric acid. Called also Thomas slag, phosphatic slag, and odorless phosphate.

Basic steel. Steel produced by the basic process.

||Ba*sid`i*o*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. NL. & E. basidium + Gr. &?;, &?;, fungus.] (Bot.) A large subdivision of fungi coördinate with the Ascomycetes, characterized by having the spores borne on a basidium. It embraces those fungi best known to the public, such as mushrooms, toadstools, etc.

Bas"ket ball`. A game, usually played indoors, in which two parties of players contest with each other to toss a large inflated ball into opposite goals resembling baskets.

Bas"set horn`. (Mus.) The corno di bassetto.

Ba*su"tos (?), n. pl.; sing. Basuto (&?;). (Ethnol.) A warlike South African people of the Bantu stock, divided into many tribes, subject to the English. They formerly practiced cannibalism, but have now adopted many European customs.

||Bat (?), n. [Siamese.] Same as Tical, n., 1.

Bat, v. t. & i. 1. To bate or flutter, as a hawk. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. To wink. [Local, U. S. & Prov Eng.]

Bat, n. 1. In badminton, tennis, and similar games, a racket.

2. A stroke; a sharp blow. [Colloq. or Slang]

3. A stroke of work. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

4. Rate of motion; speed. [Colloq.] "A vast host of fowl . . . making at full bat for the North Sea." Pall Mall Mag.

5. A spree; a jollification. [Slang, U. S.]

6. Manner; rate; condition; state of health. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Bath`y*graph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; deep + graphic.] Descriptive of the ocean depth; as, a bathygraphic chart.

Bat*tal"ion (?), n. (Mil.) An infantry command of two or more companies, which is the tactical unit of the infantry, or the smallest command which is self- supporting upon the battlefield, and also the unit in which the strength of the infantry of an army is expressed.

In the United States army, since April 29, 1898, a battalion consists of four companies, and three battalions form a regiment. The term is also applied to two or more batteries of artillery combined into a single command.

Bat"tle range`. (Mil.) The range within which the fire of small arms is very destructive. With the magazine rifle, this is six hundred yards.

Battle ship. (Nav.) An armor-plated man-of-war built of steel and heavily armed, generally having from ten thousand to fifteen thousand tons displacement, and intended to be fit to meet the heaviest ships in line of battle.

Bau`mé" (?), a. Designating or conforming to either of the scales used by the French chemist Antoine Baumé in the graduation of his hydrometers; of or relating to Baumé's scales or hydrometers. There are two Baumé hydrometers. One, which is used with liquids heavier than water, sinks to 0° in pure water, and to 15° in a 15 per cent salt solution; the other, for liquids lighter than water, sinks to 0° in a 10 per cent salt solution and to 10° in pure water. In both cases the graduation, based on the distance between these fundamental points, is continued along the stem as far as desired. Since all the degrees on a Baumé scale are thus equal in length, while those on a specific-gravity scale grow smaller as the density increases, there is no simple relation between degrees Bé. and Sp. gr. However, readings on Baumés scale may be approximately reduced to specific gravities by the following formulæ (x in each case being the reading on Baumé's scale) : (a) for liquids heavier than water, sp. gr. = 144 ÷ (144 - x); (b) for liquids lighter than water, sp. gr. = 144 ÷ (134 + x).

||Ba`var`dage" (?), n. [F.] Much talking; prattle; chatter. Byron.

Ba*ya"mo (?), n. (Meteor.) A violent thunder squall occurring on the south coast of Cuba, esp. near Bayamo. The gusts, called bayamo winds, are modified foehn winds.

Ba`yeux" tap"es*try (?). A piece of linen about 1 ft. 8 in. wide by 213 ft. long, covered with embroidery representing the incidents of William the Conqueror's expedition to England, preserved in the town museum of Bayeux in Normandy. It is probably of the 11th century, and is attributed by tradition to Matilda, the Conqueror's wife.

Bay"man (?), n. (Nav.) In the United States navy, a sick-bay nurse; -- now officially designated as hospital apprentice.

Bay"ou State` (?). Mississippi; -- a nickname, from its numerous bayous.

Bay State. Massachusetts, which had been called the Colony of Massachusetts Bay; -- a nickname.

Beach comber. [Written also beach-comber.] (Naut.) A vagrant seaman, usually of low character, who loiters about seaports, particularly on the shores and islands of the Pacific Ocean.

I was fortunate enough, however, to forgather with a Scotchman who was a beach-comber.

F. T. Bullen.

Bear"ing ring`. In a balloon, the braced wooden ring attached to the suspension ropes at the bottom, functionally analogous to the keel of a ship.

Bear State. Arkansas; -- a nickname, from the many bears once inhabiting its forests.

Bear"-trap` dam. (Engin.) A kind of movable dam, in one form consisting of two leaves resting against each other at the top when raised and folding down one over the other when lowered, for deepening shallow parts in a river.

Beat, n. 1. One that beats, or surpasses, another or others; as, the beat of him. [Colloq.]

2. The act of one that beats a person or thing; as: (a) (Newspaper Cant) The act of obtaining and publishing a piece of news by a newspaper before its competitors; also, the news itself; a scoop.

It's a beat on the whole country.

Scribner's Mag.

(b) (Hunting) The act of scouring, or ranging over, a tract of land to rouse or drive out game; also, those so engaged, collectively. "Driven out in the course of a beat." Encyc. of Sport.

Bears coming out of holes in the rocks at the last moment, when the beat is close to them.

Encyc. of Sport.

(c) (Fencing) A smart tap on the adversary's blade.

Beau"fort's scale` (?). (Meteor.) A scale of wind force devised by Sir F. Beaufort, R. N., in 1805, in which the force is indicated by numbers from 0 to 12.

The full scale is as follows: -- 0, calm; 1, light air; 2, light breeze; 3, gentle breeze; 4, moderate breeze; 5, fresh breeze; 6, strong breeze; 7, moderate gale; 8, fresh gale; 9, strong gale; 10, whole gale; 11, storm; 12, hurricane.

Beau`mon"ta*gue (?), n. A cement used in making joints, filling cracks, etc. For iron, the principal constituents are iron borings and sal ammoniac; for wood, white lead or litharge, whiting, and linseed oil.

Bea"ver State. Oregon; -- a nickname.

Be*bee"ru (?), n. [Written also bibiru.] [Native name.] (Bot.) A tropical South American tree (Nectandra Rodiœi), the bark of which yields the alkaloid bebeerine, and the wood of which is known as green heart.

||Be"bung (?), n. [G., lit., a trembling.] (Music) A tremolo effect, such as that produced on the piano by vibratory repetition of a note with sustained use of the pedal.

Bec"chi's test (?). [After E. Becchi, Italian chemist.] (Chem.) A qualitative test for cottonseed oil, based on the fact this oil imparts a maroon color to an alcoholic solution of silver nitrate.

Bech`u*a"nas (?), n. pl. A division of the Bantus, dwelling between the Orange and Zambezi rivers, supposed to be the most ancient Bantu population of South Africa. They are divided into totemic clans; they are intelligent and progressive.

Beck's scale (?). A hydrometer scale on which the zero point corresponds to sp. gr. 1.00, and the 30°-point to sp. gr. 0.85. From these points the scale is extended both ways, all the degrees being of equal length.

Becque`rel" rays" (?). (Physics) Radiations first observed by the French physicist Henri Becquerel, in working with uranium and its compounds. They consist of a mixture of alpha, beta, and gamma rays.

{ Be*cui"ba (?), n., Be*cui"ba nut` (?) }. [Native name.] (Bot.) The nut of the Brazilian tree Myristica Bicuhyba, which yields a medicinal balsam used for rheumatism.

Beg"ohm` (?), n. (Elec.) A unit of resistance equal to one billion ohms, or one thousand megohms.

||Be*ju"co (?), n. [Sp., a reed or woody vine.] Any climbing woody vine of the tropics with the habit of a liane; in the Philippines, esp. any of various species of Calamus, the cane or rattan palm.

Bel (?), n. [Hind., fr. Skr. bilva.] A thorny rutaceous tree (Ægle marmelos) of India, and its aromatic, orange-like fruit; -- called also Bengal quince, golden apple, wood apple. The fruit is used medicinally, and the rind yields a perfume and a yellow dye.

Bel"gi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Belgium.

Belgian block. A nearly cubical block of some tough stone, esp. granite, used as a material for street pavements. Its usual diameter is 5 to 7 inches.

Bel"lar*mine (?), n. A stoneware jug of a pattern originated in the neighborhood of Cologne, Germany, in the 16th century. It has a bearded face or mask supposed to represent Cardinal Bellarmine, a leader in the Roman Catholic Counter Reformation, following the Reformation; -- called also graybeard, longbeard.

Bel*leek" ware (?). A porcelainlike kind of decorative pottery with a high gloss, which is sometimes iridescent. A very fine kind is made at Belleek in Ireland.

Bell process. (Iron Metal.) The process of washing molten pig iron by adding iron oxide, proposed by I. Lowthian Bell of England about 1875.

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Bell's palsy. Paralysis of the facial nerve, producing distortion of one side of the face.

Bell system of control. (Aëronautics) See Cloche.

Bench mark. (Leveling) Any permanent mark to which other levels may be referred. Specif. : A horizontal mark at the water's edge with reference to which the height of tides and floods may be measured.

Benefit society. A society or association formed for mutual insurance, as among tradesmen or in labor unions, to provide for relief in sickness, old age, and for the expenses of burial. Usually called friendly society in Great Britain.

||Ben"thos (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; depth of the sea.] The bottom of the sea, esp. of the deep oceans; hence (Bot. & Zoöl.), the fauna and flora of the sea bottom; -- opposed to plankton.

{ Ben`zo*naph"thol (?), n. Also Ben`zo*naph"tol }. [Benzoin + naphthol.] (Chem.) A white crystalline powder used as an intestinal antiseptic; beta-naphthol benzoate.

Ben"zo*sol (?), n. (Pharm.) Guaiacol benzoate, used as an intestinal antiseptic and as a substitute for creosote in phthisis. It is a colorless crystalline pewder.

||Ber`ceuse" (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A vocal or instrumental composition of a soft tranquil character, having a lulling effect; a cradle song.

Ber`e*ni"ce's Hair` (?). [See Berenice's, Locks, in Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.] (Astron.) See Coma Berenices, under Coma.

||Berg"schrund` (?), n. [G., lit., mountain gap.] (Phys. Geog.) The crevasse or series of crevasses, usually deep and often broad, frequently occurring near the head of a mountain glacier, about where the névé field joins the valley portion of the glacier.

||Berg"stock` (?), n. [G., lit., mountain stick.] A long pole with a spike at the end, used in climbing mountains; an alpenstock.

Be"ring Sea Controversy (?). A controversy (1886 -- 93) between Great Britain and the United States as to the right of Canadians not licensed by the United States to carry on seal fishing in the Bering Sea, over which the United States claimed jurisdiction as a mare clausum. A court of arbitration, meeting in Paris in 1893, decided against the claim of the United States, but established regulations for the preservation of the fur seal.

Ber*mu"da lil"y. (Bot.) The large white lily (Lilium longiflorum eximium, syn. L. Harrisii) which is extensively cultivated in Bermuda.

Ber*seem" (?), n. [Ar. bershm clover.] An Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) extensively cultivated as a forage plant and soil- renewing crop in the alkaline soils of the Nile valley, and now introduced into the southwestern United States. It is more succulent than other clovers or than alfalfa. Called also Egyptian clover.

Ber`til`lon" sys"tem (?). [After Alphonse Bertillon, French anthropologist.] A system for the identification of persons by a physical description based upon anthropometric measurements, notes of markings, deformities, color, impression of thumb lines, etc.

Bes"ti*a*ry (?), n. [LL. bestiarium, fr. L. bestiarius pert. to beasts, fr. bestia beast: cf. F. bestiaire.] A treatise on beasts; esp., one of the moralizing or allegorical beast tales written in the Middle Ages.

A bestiary . . . in itself one of the numerous mediæval renderings of the fantastic mystical zoölogy.

Saintsbury.

Be"ta (?), n. [Gr. bh^ta.] The second letter of the Greek alphabet, B, β. See B, and cf. etymology of Alphabet. Beta (B, β) is used variously for classifying, as: (a) (Astron.) To designate some bright star, usually the second brightest, of a constellation, as, β Aurigæ. (b) (Chem.) To distinguish one of two or more isomers; also, to indicate the position of substituting atoms or groups in certain compounds; as, β-naphthol. With acids, it commonly indicates that the substituent is in union with the carbon atom next to that to which the carboxyl group is attached.

{ Be"ta*cism (?), ||Be`ta*cis"mus (?) }, n. Excessive or extended use of the b sound in speech, due to conversion of other sounds into it, as through inability to distinguish them from b, or because of difficulty in pronouncing them.

Be"ta rays (?). (Physics) Penetrating rays readily deflected by a magnetic or electric field, emitted by radioactive substances, as radium. They consist of negatively charged particles or electrons, apparently the same in kind as those of the cathode rays, but having much higher velocities (about 35,000 to 180,000 miles per second).

||Bez`po*pov"tsy (?), n. [Russ.; bez without + popovtsy, a derivative of pop priest.] A Russian sect. See Raskolnik.

{ Bhees"ty, Bhees"tie (?) }, n. [Written also bhistee, bhisti, etc.] [Per. bihisht lit., heavenly.] A water carrier, as to a household or a regiment. [India]

{ Bhis"tee (?), Bhis"ti (?) }, n. Same as Bheesty. [India]

Bi*an"nu*al (?), a. [Pref. bi- + annual.] Occurring twice a year; half-yearly; semiannual.

||Bi`be*lot" (?), n. [F.] A small decorative object without practical utility.

Her pictures, her furniture, and her bibelots.

M. Crawford.

{ Bick"ford fuse or fuze, or Bickford match (?) }. A fuse used in blasting, consisting of a long cylinder of explosive material inclosed in a varnished wrapping of rope or hose. It burns from 2 to 4 feet a minute.

{ Bi*dar"kee (?), Bi*dar"ka (?) }, n. [Russ. baidarka, dim. Cf. Baidar.] A portable boat made of skins stretched on a frame. [Alaska] The Century.

Bie"la's com"et (?). (Astron.) A periodic coment, discovered by Biela in 1826, which revolves around the sun in 6.6 years. The November meteors (Andromedes or Bielids) move in its orbit, and may be fragments of the comet.

Bie"lid (?), n. (Astron.) See Andromede.

Bi*fo"cal (?), a. [Pref. bi-+ focal.] Having two foci, as some spectacle lenses.

Big Bend State. Tennessee; -- a nickname.

Bil"la*bong` (?), n. [Native name.] In Australia, a blind channel leading out from a river; -- sometimes called an anabranch. This is the sense of the word as used in the Public Works Department; but the term has also been locally applied to mere back-waters forming stagnant pools and to certain water channels arising from a source.

Bil"let, n. Quarters or place to which one is assigned, as by a billet or ticket; berth; position. Also used fig. [Colloq.]

The men who cling to easy billets ashore.

Harper's Mag.

His shafts of satire fly straight to their billet, and there they rankle.

Pall Mall Mag.

{ Bil"ly*cock (?), n., or Bil"ly*cock hat` (?) }. [Perh. from bully + cock; that is, cocked like the hats of the bullies.] A round, low-crowned felt hat; a wideawake. "The undignified billycocks and pantaloons of the West." B. H. Chamberlain.

Little acquiesced, and Ransome disguised him in a beard, and a loose set of clothes, and a billicock hat.

Charles Reade.

Bi"me*tal"lic, a. Composed of two different metals; formed of two parts, each of a different metal; as, bimetallic wire; bimetallic thermometer, etc.

Bi"mo*lec"u*lar (?), a. [Pref. bi- + molecular.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or formed from, two molecules; as, a bimolecular reaction (a reaction between two molecules).

||Bin*bash"i (?), n. [Turk., prop., chief of a thousand; bin thousand + bash head.] (Mil.) A major in the Turkish army.

Bind"ing post`. (Elec.) A metallic post attached to electrical apparatus for convenience in making connections.

Bind"ing screw`. A set screw used to bind parts together, esp. one for making a connection in an electrical circuit.

{ Bi`o*dy*nam"ic (?), Bi`o*dy*nam"ic*al (?) }, a.} (Biol.) Of or pertaining to biodynamics, or the doctrine of vital forces or energy.

Bi`o*dy*nam"ics (?), n. The branch of biology which treats of the active vital phenomena of organisms; -- opposed to biostatics.

Bi`o*ge*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. bi`os life + E. geography.] The branch of biology which deals with the geographical distribution of animals and plants. It includes both zoögeography and phytogeography. - - Bi`o*ge`o*graph"ic (#), a. -- Bi`o*ge`o*graph"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

Bi"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. bi`os life + -graph.] 1. An animated picture machine for screen projection; a cinematograph.

2. [Cf. Biography.] A biographical sketch. [Rare]

Bi`o*pho"to*phone (?), n. [Gr. bi`os life + photo + fwnh` sound, voice.] An instrument combining a cinematograph and a phonograph so that the moving figures on the screen are accompanied by the appropriate sounds.

Bi`o*plas"tic (?), a. (Biol.) Bioplasmic.

{ Bi`o*psy"chic (?), Bi`o*psy"chic*al (?) }, a.} [Gr. bi`os life + psychic, -cal.] Pertaining to psychical phenomena in their relation to the living organism or to the general phenomena of life.

Bi"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. bi`os life + -scope.] 1. A view of life; that which gives such a view.

Bagman's Bioscope: Various Views of Men and Manners. [Book Title.]

W. Bayley (1824).

2. An animated picture machine for screen projection; a cinematograph (which see).

Bi"plane (?), n. [Pref. bi- + plane.] (Aëronautics) An aëroplane with two main supporting surfaces one above the other.

Bi"plane, a. (Aëronautics) Having, or consisting of, two superposed planes, aërocurves, or the like; of or pertaining to a biplane; as, a biplane rudder.

Bi"prism (?), n. [Pref. bi- + prism.] 1. A prism whose refracting angle is very nearly 180 degrees.

2. A combination of two short rectangular glass prisms cemented together at their diagonal faces so as to form a cube; -- called also optical cube. It is used in one form of photometer.

Bird"man (?), n. An aviator; airman. [Colloq.]

Bird"wom`an (?), n. An airwoman; an aviatress. [Colloq.]

{ Bis"ka*ra boil`, Bis"ka*ra but"ton }. [Named after the town Biskara, in Algeria.] (Med.) Same as Aleppo boil.

Bis"sell truck (?). A truck for railroad rolling stock, consisting of two ordinary axle boxes sliding in guides attached to a triangular frame; -- called also pony truck.

Bit, n. In the British West Indies, a fourpenny piece, or groat.

{ Bi"to (?), n., Bi"to tree` }. [Etym. uncertain.] (Bot.) A small scrubby tree (Balanites Ægyptiaca) growing in dry regions of tropical Africa and Asia.

The hard yellowish white wood is made into plows in Abyssinia; the bark is used in Farther India to stupefy fish; the ripe fruit is edible, when green it is an anthelmintic; the fermented juice is used as a beverage; the seeds yield a medicinal oil called zachun. The African name of the tree is hajilij.

Bi*tu"men proc"ess. (Photog.) Any process in which advantage is taken of the fact that prepared bitumen is rendered insoluble by exposure to light, as in photolithography.

Black"bird, n. 1. Among slavers and pirates, a negro or Polynesian. [Cant]

2. A native of any of the islands near Queensland; -- called also Kanaka. [Australia]

Black"bird*er (?), n. A slave ship; a slaver. [Colloq.] F. T. Bullen.

Black"bird*ing, n. 1. The kidnaping of negroes or Polynesians to be sold as slaves.

2. The act or practice of collecting natives of the islands near Queensland for service on the Queensland sugar plantations. [Australia]

Black"-eyed` Su"san. (Bot.) (a) The coneflower, or yellow daisy (Rudbeckia hirta). (b) The bladder ketmie.

Black Flags. An organization composed originally of Chinese rebels that had been driven into Tonkin by the suppression of the Taiping rebellion, but later increased by bands of pirates and adventurers. It took a prominent part in fighting the French during their hostilities with Anam, 1873-85.

Black Friday. Any Friday on which a public disaster has occurred, as: In England, December 6, 1745, when the news of the landing of the Pretender reached London, or May 11, 1866, when a financial panic commenced. In the United States, September 24, 1869, and September 18, 1873, on which financial panics began.

Black Ham"burg (?). A sweet and juicy variety of European grape, of a dark purplish black color, much grown under glass in northern latitudes.

Black Hand. [A trans. of Sp. mano negra.] 1. A Spanish anarchistic society, many of the members of which were imprisoned in 1883.

2. A lawless or blackmailing secret society, esp. among Italians. [U. S.]

Black Spanish. One of an old and well-known Mediterranean breed of domestic fowls with glossy black plumage, blue legs and feet, bright red comb and wattles, and white face. They are remarkable as egg layers.

Black"wa`ter State. Nebraska; -- a nickname alluding to the dark color of the water of its rivers, due to the presence of a black vegetable mold in the soil.

Blade, n. The flat part of the tongue immediately behind the tip, or point.

"Lower blade" implies, of course, the lower instead of the upper surface of the tongue.

H. Sweet.

||Blanc (?), n. [F., white.] 1. A white cosmetic.

2. A white sauce of fat, broth, and vegetables, used esp. for braised meat.

Blan"chard lathe (?). [After Thomas Blanchard, American inventor.] (Mach.) A kind of wood-turning lathe for making noncircular and irregular forms, as felloes, gun stocks, lasts, spokes, etc., after a given pattern. The pattern and work rotate on parallel spindles in the same direction with the same speed, and the work is shaped by a rapidly rotating cutter whose position is varied by the pattern acting as a cam upon a follower wheel traversing slowly along the pattern.

Blan"ket clause`. (Law) A clause, as in a blanket mortgage or policy, that includes a group or class of things, rather than a number mentioned individually and having the burden, loss, or the like, apportioned among them.

{ Blanket mortgage or policy }. One that covers a group or class of things or properties instead of one or more things mentioned individually, as where a mortgage secures various debts as a group, or subjects a group or class of different pieces of property to one general lien.

Blanket stitch. A buttonhole stitch worked wide apart on the edge of material, as blankets, too thick to hem.

Blast lamp. A lamp provided with some arrangement for intensifying combustion by means of a blast.

Blath"er (bl"r), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Blathered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Blathering.] [Written also blether.] [Icel. blaðra. Cf. Blatherskite.] To talk foolishly, or nonsensically. G. Eliot.

Blath"er, n. [Written also blether.] Voluble, foolish, or nonsensical talk; -- often in the pl. Hall Caine.

Blaz"er (?), n. 1. Anything that blazes or glows, as with heat or flame.

2. A light jacket, usually of wool or silk and of a bright color, for wear at tennis, cricket, or other sport.

3. The dish used when cooking directly over the flame of a chafing-dish lamp, or the coals of a brasier.

||Bleph`a*ri"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; eyelid + -ilis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the eyelids. -- Bleph`a*rit"ic (#), a.

Blet (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bletted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bletting.] To decay internally when overripe; -- said of fruit.

Blind reader. A post-office clerk whose duty is to decipher obscure addresses.

Block, n. 1. In Australia, one of the large lots into which public land, when opened to settlers, is divided by the government surveyors.

2. (Cricket) (a) The position of a player or bat when guarding the wicket. (b) A block hole. (c) The popping crease. [R.]

Back blocks, Australian pastoral country which is remote from the seacoast or from a river.

Block chain. (Mach.) A chain in which the alternate links are broad blocks connected by thin side links pivoted to the ends of the blocks, used with sprocket wheels to transmit power, as in a bicycle.

Block signal. (Railroads) One of the danger signals or safety signals which guide the movement of trains in a block system. The signal is often so coupled with a switch that act of opening or closing the switch operates the signal also.

Block system. (Railroads) A system by which the track is divided into short sections, as of three or four miles, and trains are so run by the guidance of electric, or combined electric and pneumatic, signals that no train enters a section or block until the preceding train has left it, as in absolute blocking, or that a train may be allowed to follow another into a block as long as it proceeds with excessive caution, as in permissive blocking.

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Blol"ly (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A shrub or small tree of southern Florida and the West Indies (Pisonia obtusata) with smooth oval leaves and a hard, 10-ribbed fruit. (b) The rubiaceous shrub Chicocca racemosa, of the same region.

Blue-grass State. The Sate of Kentucky; -- a nickname alluding to the blue-grass region, where fine horses are bred.

Blue Hen State. The State of Delaware; -- a popular sobriquet. It is said, though the story lacks proof, to have taken its origin from the insistence of a Delaware Revolutionary captain, named Caldwell, that no cock could be truly game unless the mother was a blue hen, whence Blue Hen's Chickens came to be a nickname for the people of Delaware.

Blue"nose` (?), n. A Nova Scotian; also, a Nova Scotian ship (called also Blue"nos`er (&?;)); a Nova Scotian potato, etc.

Blue"-sky"law`. A law enacted to provide for the regulation and supervision of investment companies in order to protect the public against companies that do not intend to do a fair and honest business and that offer investments that do not promise a fair return; -- so called because the promises made by some investment companies are as boundless or alluring as the blue sky, or, perhaps, because designed to clear away the clouds and fogs from the simple investor's horizon. [Colloq.]

Blue"y (?), n. [From Blue, a.] [Australasia] 1. A bushman's blanket; -- named from its color.

We had to wring our blueys.

Lawson.

2. A bushman's bundle; a swag; -- so called because a blanket is sometimes used as the outside covering.

Bod veal. Veal too immature to be suitable for food.

{ Bo"dhi*sat (?), ||Bo`dhi*satt"va, ||Bo`dhi*satt"wa (?) }, n. [Skr. bdhisattva (perh. through Pali bdhisatt); fr. bdhi knowledge, enlightenment + sattva being, essence.] (Buddhism) One who has reached the highest degree of saintship, so that in his next incarnation he will be a Buddha, or savior of the world. -- Bo"dhi*sat`ship, n.

Bod"y, n. (Aëronautics) The central, longitudinal framework of a flying machine, to which are attached the planes or aërocurves, passenger accommodations, controlling and propelling apparatus, fuel tanks, etc.