The Project Gutenberg EBook of Natural Bridges National Monument (1954), by National Park Service This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Natural Bridges National Monument (1954) Author: National Park Service Release Date: June 16, 2019 [EBook #59761] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATURAL BRIDGES NATIONAL MONUMENT *** Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net [Illustration: Cover: _Owachomo Bridge._] [Illustration: Natural Bridges National Monument] Natural Bridges NATIONAL MONUMENT · UTAH [Illustration: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR · NATIONAL PARK SERVICE] UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, _Secretary_ NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, Conrad L. Wirth, _Director_ _Three gigantic natural bridges carved out of sandstone and located in a region of superb scenery_ San Juan County, in the southeastern corner of Utah, is a land of brilliantly colored cliffs, tortuous box canyons, pinnacles, and arches. Near the center of this scenic and geologic potpourri is Natural Bridges National Monument. Within the monument are three huge natural bridges. While they are exceeded in size by the great Rainbow Bridge, which lies about 60 miles to the southwest in Rainbow Bridge National Monument, they rank with the largest known natural bridges. One of these bridges—Owachomo—is directly across the 600-foot-deep Armstrong Canyon and spans the mouth of a short tributary canyon. The road from Blanding, Utah, ends at the rim of the Armstrong Canyon. To visit the other bridges in the monument, one must walk. The trail is unimproved, and sometimes rough, but the 6-mile hike is rewarded by views of the magnificent canyons, the bridges, and ancient Indian ruins. The headquarters area of the monument overlooks the Owachomo Bridge, and a 300-yard trail drops to the bottom of Armstrong Canyon to a point where one can walk under the bridge. Continuing on this trail, Sipapu Bridge may be reached by a 3-mile walk; however, if you wish to see all three bridges with the least walking, drive your car from headquarters, 4½ miles, to the Kachina Bridge parking area and from there it is three-quarters of a mile by a ladder trail to Kachina Bridge and 2 miles from Kachina to Sipapu Bridge, up White Canyon. No trail is maintained between Kachina Bridge and Owachomo Bridge. The Bridges and Their Names The bridges were first seen by white man in 1883 when Cass Hite, a prospector, visited the region. National publicity was given to the area in 1904 when an illustrated article appeared in the National Geographic Magazine. In 1908 the area was proclaimed Natural Bridges National Monument by President Theodore Roosevelt. This action was the result of pleas of Utah citizens and of a Government surveyor that the bridges be protected by the Federal Government. [Illustration: _Owachomo is in view at the end of the road._] Early explorers had named the bridges for members of their parties or for relatives. When the monument was established, an effort was made to find Indian names which would fit the bridges. Paiute Indians, who still live in the country, had no names for the individual bridges. At the time they were questioned they professed to know only a single term which they applied to all bridges, natural or otherwise. This was “Ma-Vah-Talk-Tump,” or “Under the Horse’s Belly.” [Illustration: _Kachina Bridge—the youngest of the three._] At that time it was generally thought that the prehistoric people who had lived in the ruins of southern Utah were direct ancestors of the Hopi Indians, so it was natural, when no Paiute names were forthcoming, that Hopi names were applied to the bridges. They are: _Owachomo_ (Rock Mound)—So named because of a large, rounded block of rock on the mesa near one end of the bridge. Also formerly known as the Edwin Bridge. _Kachina_—On one of the abutments of this bridge are numerous prehistoric pictographs, some of which resemble Hopi masked dancers, or kachinas. The former name for this bridge was Caroline. _Sipapu_—The graceful arch of this bridge suggested to its namers the sipapu (place of emergence), a hole through which the Hopi believe their ancestors emerged from a lower, dark world into the present, sunlit one. This was also known as the Augusta Bridge. The dimensions of the bridges are: Bridge Height (feet) Span (feet) Width (feet) Thickness (feet) Owachomo 106 180 27 9 Kachina 210 206 44 93 Sipapu 220 268 31 53 How Natural Bridges Are Made To make a natural bridge Mother Nature must have several ingredients: a proper stone that will shape well (a cross-bedded sandstone is best), a slowly rising landscape, and a desert-type stream that occasionally will scour its bed with a tremendous head of water and sand. All these were present in southern Utah. The stone of the Natural Bridges area is a cross-bedded grey sandstone, known as the Cedar Mesa sandstone. It is of Permian age and similar in appearance and structure to the more recent Navajo sandstone in which so many caves and arches have been formed. When the land began to rise slowly from its ancient sea bed, two small streams formed on the western slopes of the Elk Ridge. The streams are known today as White River and Armstrong Creek, its tributary. They made meandering channels across the flat land and gradually entrenched themselves into tortuous canyons. As the land continued to rise, the streams cut ever deeper canyons. The main purpose, or the driving force, of a stream is to make the shortest distance between two points, that is, a straight line. Every creek and river attempts to make a straight channel with an even grade from its source to its mouth. Hills, ridges, blocks of rock, or any other obstacles which a stream must bypass are gradually worn away as the stream makes a channel more to its choice. The tortuous streams in their deep rock channels were constantly trying to straighten their courses. During floods the silt-laden waters were thrown with great force against the walls of the meanders. In several places the fins of rock around which the windings of the streams passed were so thin that during the course of many centuries of buffeting the rock gradually wore away and a hole was bored through the fin. The waters poured through the gap and the bridge was born. After the initial breach was made, the stream continued to enlarge the opening and to cut its channel still deeper. Eventually, the old meander was left high and dry as a “fossil” stream bed. Ages of the Bridges Several phases of bridge-making may be seen at Natural Bridges National Monument. Kachina Bridge is a new bridge. It is huge and bulky, and has a comparatively small opening. White River is still actively enlarging the opening beneath the span. Sipapu Bridge is mature. It is a graceful, symmetrical span, and its abutments now lie far enough from the stream bed that the river has little or no cutting action on the rock. [Illustration: _Sipapu Bridge, looking up White Canyon._] Owachomo Bridge is in its old age. It suffers no erosion from the stream; only the slight erosion from rains, frost action, or wind-blown sands now attack its surface. The life expectancy of Owachomo is short compared with that of the other two; it may span the canyon for centuries yet, or the crack which will ultimately cause its collapse may already have started. The fate of all the bridges may be seen a short distance up White Canyon from Sipapu Bridge where faint scars and damaged abutments on the canyon walls indicate the point where a fourth bridge once spanned the canyon. Comparison With Other Types of Natural Bridges Most of the natural bridges of the United States are in the Four Corners region of the Southwest where favorable materials and conditions for bridge-making are to be found. There are two other types of bridges which are entirely dissimilar. Tonto Natural Bridge, in central Arizona, is a “built-up” bridge created by travertine deposited by springs. Natural Bridge, in Virginia—another well-known bridge—apparently was formed when most of the roof of a cavern collapsed. Wildlife Deer are numerous in the pinyon and juniper forest which surrounds the monument, and mountain sheep, which spend their summers on the Elk Ridge, winter in the canyons. Smaller mammals are numerous, as are the coyotes and wildcats. An occasional lion works through the monument. Archeology This section of Utah supported an Indian population from about 2,000 years ago until about A. D. 1300. Thousands of ruins stud the mesas and canyons of the district. Comparatively few sites lie within the monument, however, for both White and Armstrong Canyons are too narrow to have furnished enough farming land for more than a few families. Visitors who hike around the trail to the bridges may see one cliff dwelling of about 20 rooms and several small rooms (apparently granaries) which were built on ledges high on the cliffs. An outstanding feature of the cliff dwelling is a kiva, or ceremonial room, with the original roof and ladder intact. The people who lived here during prehistoric times were closely related to those who lived on the Mesa Verde in southwestern Colorado. Caution The two approach roads serving Natural Bridges National Monument from Blanding, Utah, are unsurfaced dirt roads with steep grades. During heavy rain storms they become either difficult or impassable to travel. The upper road over Bear’s Ears Pass (elevation 9,000 feet) is usually blocked by snow and impassable from late September until late May. The lower road, via Comb Wash, stays below 7,000 feet and is usually open most of the year. There are no accommodations for travelers beyond Blanding. Visitors should make certain that they have ample food before they leave Blanding. There is camping space at the monument for those who have bedding and cooking equipment. A National Park Service ranger is stationed at the monument only during the summer. Administration Natural Bridges National Monument, with an area of 2,649.70 acres, is administered by the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Communications regarding the monument should be addressed to the Superintendent, Arches National Monument, Moab, Utah. _The National Park System, of which Natural Bridges National Monument is a unit, is dedicated to the conservation of America’s scenic, scientific, and historic heritage for the benefit and enjoyment of the people._ [Illustration: NATURAL BRIDGES NATIONAL MONUMENT UTAH] SIPAPU BRIDGE TRAIL KACHINA BRIDGE PARKING OWACHOMO BRIDGE RANGER STATION (Extremely Rough Road) TO HITE 48 MILES TO BLANDING 50 MILES ARMSTRONG CANYON WHITE CANYON May 1950 NM-N.B. 7000 REVISED 1954 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1954 O-F—301544 Transcriber’s Notes —This eBook is based on a U.S. government publication which is public domain in the United States. —Corrected a few palpable typos. —Within the map, transcribed labels, and added italicized text where needed to define the context. —In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Natural Bridges National Monument (1954), by National Park Service *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATURAL BRIDGES NATIONAL MONUMENT *** ***** This file should be named 59761-0.txt or 59761-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/5/9/7/6/59761/ Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.